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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 7427-7427 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 2037-2044 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new method is established to determine surface tension and mechanisms of evaporation of liquid metals in a wide range of high temperatures. It is based on a combination of high-speed transmission electron microscopy imaging of flow in nanosecond laser pulse molten films and computer simulation. The technique was applied to iron films with native oxides to investigate the effects of surface active impurities in a melt with transient temperatures and gradients up to 4000 K and 5×108 K/m, respectively. Such melts show a shear flow with direction changing once or twice during 1–2 μs after a 20 ns laser pulse, which cannot be simulated using table values for the temperature coefficient of the surface tension and the vapor pressure. Instead, evaporation is negligible, and the flow of the liquid is mainly driven by a fast changing gradient of the surface tension caused by a time-varying distribution of temperature and dissolved surface active oxygen atoms. Current site coverage models, giving the surface tension as function of temperature and impurity content for static liquids, successfully can be applied to liquids moving on the nanosecond/micrometer scale, too. However, the number of active surface sites can be vastly reduced by short-lived oxide covers, e.g., in iron with native oxides down to 3.5% of the total number of surface sites. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 2534-2537 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A fast broadband pyrometer with a spatial resolution of 2 μm and an accuracy of 10% in temperature is described plus a calibration method suitable for liquid metals. The time resolution of temperature measurements is limited by the electronics rise time (3.5 ns) to 14 ns (10%–90% rise time) of a temperature change because of the nonlinear relation between electronic signal and temperature. The pyrometer was applied to determine the temperature of melts produced by focused nanosecond laser pulses in gold and iron films. Measured heating rates (1010–1011 K/s) and peak temperatures (3000 K) are correctly reproduced by numerical simulations for gold, but theoretical peak temperatures in iron were 1000 K in excess. The low actual temperature in iron can be explained by native oxides, decomposing during the laser pulse and thus dissipating energy. This effect may cause considerable differences between computed and actual temperatures during laser processing of thin metal films with unstable impurities. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 1880-1885 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The adhesion of an ultrathin carbon nitride (CN) coating to the surface of a two-phase CoPt–SiO2 granular film heterogeneous at the 10 nm scale has been studied using nanoscratch techniques. The nanoscratch resistance was found to depend sensitively on the volume fraction of the two phases. Both nanoscratch experiments and complementary electron microscopy observations indicate that CN adheres much more strongly to the SiO2 matrix than to the CoPt granules resulting in enhanced tribological performance in SiO2-rich films. The relative weakness of the CN/CoPt interface is correlated to the absence of interfacial metal nitride formation. The adhesion of the CN coating to the granular surface, the intrinsic mechanical properties of the underlying granular film (nanoindentation hardness and modulus), and the vertical rms surface roughness of the granular layer are all fundamentally changed as the CoPt content reaches the percolation threshold. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 7824-7827 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Time decay and remanence measurements have been made on a series of very thin Fe–SiO2 granular thin films of varying composition. The susceptibility and the magnetic viscosity decreases drastically when the film thickness is thin enough to reach a two-dimensional arrangement of the granules. The measured values of the magnetic viscosity are very low (2% loss per decade) in the thinnest films so that further investigations in granular magnetic systems with higher anisotropy promise greater advantages for recording media. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 5 (1974), S. 385-417 
    ISSN: 0066-4162
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Animal Behaviour 24 (1976), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0003-3472
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Animal Behaviour 24 (1976), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 0003-3472
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 9 (1985), S. 797-797 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Car accident • Whiplash-type neck distortion ; Duration of complaints • Injury mechanism ; Prognostic factors ; Schlüsselwörter PKW-Unfall • HWS-Distorsion • Beschwerdedauer • Verletzungsmechanismus • Prognostische Faktoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einer Unfallanalyse von 3.838 gurtgeschützten, angeschnallten PKW-Fahrer/-innen stieg der Anteil der HWS-Distorsionen von unter 10 % 1985 auf über 30 % 1997. Überwiegend traten diese bei frontalen oder mehrfachen Kollisionen auf. Nur bei 15 % der Patienten wurde die Verletzung durch einen reinen Heckanprall ausgelöst. In 23,2 % betrug δv 10 km/h und weniger, was einem sehr leichten Unfall entspricht. Bei frontalen Kollisionen wurde das höchste durchschnittliche δv erreicht; 1.136 der Verletzten wurden angeschrieben, um Dauer und Art eventueller Beschwerden zu ermitteln. Von den 138 Patienten, die den Fragebogen zurücksendeten gaben 121 (88 %) Beschwerden an. Es handelte sich dabei um Schmerzen (74 %), Verspannungen (6 %) und Bewegungseinschränkungen (5 %) im Bereich von Kopf (27 %), Nacken (55 %) und Schulter (8 %). Die Dauer der Beschwerden war am längsten nach mehrfachen Kollisionen und einem Beschwerdebeginn nach mehr als 24 h. Neben einem geringen Einfluß der Begleitverletzungen auf die Beschwerdedauer sind auch die individuelle Konstitution und Schmerzverarbeitung wesentliche Faktoren. Auch bei dieser retrospektiven Untersuchung bestanden erhebliche Schwierigkeiten hinsichtlich der Nachuntersuchung. Zur Lösung dieses Problems sind prospektive Studien mit genau festgelegten Protokollen zur Erfassung von Diagnose, Behandlungsart sowie Beschwerdedauer und -art erforderlich.
    Notes: Summary The analysis of 1,176 whiplash-type neck distortions was sought from a total of 3,838 restrained car driver incident reports. The percentage of these injuries increased from less than 10 % in 1985 to over 30 % in 1997. These occurred mostly with head-on or with multiple collisions, and only in 15 % with pure rear-end collisions. In 23,2 %, δv amounted 10 km/h or less, which corresponds to a very minor crash. The average δv was the highest in the cases of head-on collisions. Letters were sent to the injured to find out about the duration and type of complaints caused by a cervical spine injury. Of the 138 patients who returned the questionnaires, 121 (88 %) indicated that they had or were still suffering from their symptoms. Percentage of various complaints were as follows: pain (74 %), tension (6 %) and stiffness (5 %) in the head (27 %), neck (55 %) and shoulder (8 %). The duration of the complaints was longest after multiple collisions and when the onset of complaints was later than 24 hours after trauma. Women and elderly persons predominated slightly in the group with longer duration of complaints. A correlation between the severity of the accompanying injuries and duration of complaints occurred. Also, with this retrospective study there was considerable difficulties in the lack of adequate follow-up for these patients with less severe injuries. In order to better evaluate this problem, prospective studies are necessary which include documentation of diagnosis, treatment protocols, duration and type of complaints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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