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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 94 (1990), S. 2027-2033 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 137 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) was introduced as a standard tool but has not been used in a population-based epidemiological study; the objective of the present study was to determine the practicability of this instrument in this setting. We assessed the distribution of the severity of atopic eczema in the community and investigated differences between east and west Germany. A factor analysis was then carried out to characterize the variables of this scoring system and to analyse possible relationships within them. A multicentre cross-sectional study was carried out in five east German and two west German locations in 1994; pre-school children (5–6 years old) were investigated and cases of atopic eczema identified by a dermatological examination. The SCORAD was used to determine the severity of atopic eczema and the results assessed using analysis of variance and principal component analysis (varimax rotation). In all, 1511 (76·2%) of the children originally contacted participated and 11·3% were diagnosed with atopic eczema at the time of examination. The median severity score was 21·4 (interquartile range 13·5) and there was a tendency to higher scores in west Germany for the mean overall score, the intensity score and the extent. ‘Erythema’ (1·30 vs. 1·06; P= 0·006) and ‘excoriation’ (0·77 vs. 0·36; P= 0·002) were significantly more prominent in children with eczema from west Germany (adjusted for observer). Interobserver variabilities of the SCORAD parameters were calculated, adjusted for location and were in accordance with earlier findings. Principal component analysis identified three independent factors accounting for 54·1% of the total variance. A severity factor, characterized by ‘extent’, ‘lichenification’, ‘excoriation’ and ‘pruritus’, was separated from a factor with an acute eczema-type profile (‘erythema’, ‘oedema’, ‘oozing’) and a factor whose major characteristics were ‘extent’, ‘dryness’, and ‘sleep loss’. We conclude that atopic eczema is frequent in pre-school children. The SCORAD proved to be readily applicable and useful in epidemiological studies, but further validation is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 143 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Prevalence data for atopic eczema based on a dermatological examination have not so far been available for East and West Germany. Possible differences in the proportions of extrinsic and intrinsic types of eczema, and how far these could explain differences in the prevalence of eczema, need to be clarified. Objectives To compare the prevalence of atopic eczema in pre-school children between different locations in East and West Germany, and over a period of 7 years, at three time points. Additionally, to determine the proportions of intrinsic and extrinsic types of eczema by taking skin prick test reactivity into account. Methods Repeated cross-sectional studies in 1991, 1994 and 1997 in 5–6-year-old pre-school children at five different locations in West Germany (n = 2075) and six in East Germany (n = 1926) were carried out. Individuals with eczema were identified by an examination performed by physicians of the Department of Dermatology. In addition, a skin prick test and a standardized questionnaire were used. Results The overall prevalence of atopic eczema in these children was 10·4%. At all three times of investigation (1991, 17·5% vs. 11·2%; 1994, 12·6% vs. 8·7%; 1997, 11·2% vs. 4·5%) and in the total group (12·9% vs. 8·2%), the prevalence was significantly higher in East than in West Germany. After controlling for influences of sex, parental history of atopic diseases, observer and socio-economic status in multiple logistic regression analyses, these differences remained significant for 1991, 1994 and for the overall group (odds ratio, OR 1·78, 95% confidence interval, CI 1·43–2·21). Girls (OR 1·56, 95% CI 1·27–1·92) and children whose parents had a higher level of school education (OR 1·17, 95% CI 1·00–1·37) were affected more frequently. Of all children, 26·6%, and of those with eczema, 41·9% exhibited at least one reaction in the prick test (OR 2·21, 95% CI 1·75–2·80; sensitization in eczema vs. no eczema). Whereas 50·4% of the children with eczema in West Germany were sensitized, only 36·5% of the diseased children in East Germany reacted positively in the prick test (OR 1·77, 95% CI 1·12–2·79). Conclusions These results are in accordance with findings regarding allergic sensitization and hay fever and might indicate that factors other than allergy are responsible for the higher prevalence of atopic eczema in East Germany.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 24 (1991), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 150 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background  The negative impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on airway diseases in children is well known. Whether there is an effect on atopic eczema is not clear.Objectives  To determine the impact of ETS on atopic eczema, allergic sensitization and allergic airway diseases in 1669 school beginners.Methods  The prevalence of atopy-related health outcomes was assessed by questionnaire, dermatological examination, skin prick testing and specific immunoglobulin E measurement. Exposure assessments were based on measurement of cotinine [expressed as cotinine to creatine ratio (CCR)] in spot urine samples (n = 1220) together with questionnaire and interview data on smoking behaviour of the parents.Results  In the total study group, prevalence of atopic eczema diagnosed on examination was significantly associated with urinary CCR values. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), calculated for an increase of 100 ng mg−1 CCR was 1·97 (95% CI 1·23–3·16). The prevalence of skin manifestations according to questionnaire data as well as a history of asthma, wheezing, and hay fever were positively although not significantly associated with ETS exposure. When genetically predisposed children (defined by the presence of parental atopy) were compared with children whose parents had no atopy, the ORs of allergic outcome variables were generally higher in the first group. In the group of predisposed children, significant associations with urinary CCR were found for allergic sensitization against house dust mites as measured by skin prick test (OR 3·10, 95% CI 1·63–5·90).Conclusions  Children are at a higher risk of developing an atopic eczema when exposed to ETS and genetically predisposed children are at higher risk of developing a sensitization against house dust mites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hörstörung ; Prävalenz ; Konnatale Hörstörungen ; Erworbene Hörstörungen ; Progredienz ; Infektionen ; Kinder ; Keywords Hearing loss ; Prevalence ; Connatal hearing loss ; Acquired hearing loss ; Progressive hearing loss ; Infections ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The results of international investigations on connatally acquired hearing loss are compared with the data of the German Registry on Childhood Hearing Loss (4058 cases). The connatal hearing disorders have shown a notable change in the last years regarding to aetiology and prevalence. In contrast to countries of the third world in developed nations the prevalence of permanent childhood hearing loss has been reduced down to 1 in 1.000 births. The results let assume a prevalence of approximately 1:1.200 births in Germany. For instance the number of rubella embryopathia decreased effectively. In contrast CMV infections and alcohol fetopathia are playing an increasing role. In the patients of the German Registry on Childhood Hearing Loss the percentage of certainly progressive hearing loss is 10.3 within the 4058 children with permanent hearing impairment. Diagnostic procedures first of all for the early diagnosis of CMV but also of toxoplasmosis are considerable because these infections may result in treatable hearing loss. Also consequent hearing tests are demanded in children with alcohol fetopathia.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Daten internationaler Studien zu angeborenen erworbenen Hörstörungen mit den Ergebnissen aus 4058 Fällen im Deutschen Zentralregister für kindliche Hörstörungen (DZH) verglichen und ausgewertet. Die angeborenen Erkrankungen des Hörvermögens haben innerhalb der letzten Jahre bezüglich Ätiologie und Prävalenz einen deutlichen Wandel erlebt. Im Gegensatz zu Ländern der 3. Welt ist die Prävalenz permanenter kindlicher Hörstörungen in den westlichen Industrienationen auf ca. 1:1.000 gesunken. In Deutschland liegt die Prävalenz nach ersten Ergebnissen des DZH bei ca. 1,2:1.000. So ist beispielsweise der Anteil der Rötelnembryopathien stark zurückgegangen. Dagegen spielen heute die Zytomegalievirus-(CMV)-Infektion und die Alkoholfetopathie eine größere Rolle. Im Patientenkollektiv des DZH mit 4058 permanent hörgestörten Kindern beträgt der Anteil gesichert progredienter Verläufe 10,3%. Diagnostische Verfahren, vor allem zur Früherkennung von CMV und Toxoplasmose, gewinnen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ebenso ist eine konsequente Hördiagnostik auch bei Kindern mit Alkoholfetopathie zu fordern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kindliche Hörstörungen ; Hörscreening ; Risikofaktoren ; Prävalenz ; Keywords Childhood hearing loss ; Auditory screening ; Risk factors ; Prevalence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objective: This prospective study reports on the prevalence of hearing impairment in an at-risk neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) population. Design: From 1990 to 1998, 1062 neonates were screened with the use of transitory evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA). Results: 934 infants passed the primary screen for both ears, 75 for one ear, adding up to 95%. 17 infants (1.6%) were lost to follow-up. In forteen infants (1.3%), bilateral hearing impairment above 30dB was confirmed. While all children with hearing impairment belonged to the group of 862 children receiving aminoglycosides, only one of them presented no other risk factors. In twelve of the hearing impaired children other anamnestic factors, i.e. dysmorphism, prenatal rubella or cytomegaly, family history of hearing loss or severe peri- and postnatal complications seem to be more probable causes of the identified hearing loss. In one of these children, delayed onset or progression of hearing loss is suspected. Conclusions: From our data, aminoglycosides are not an important risk factor for hearing impairment, when serum levels are continuously monitored, as in our cohort. After adjustment for other risk factors, birth weight between 1000 gr and 1500 gr and a gestational age between 29 and 31 weeks were no predictive markers for hearing impairment. It might be speculated that the improved medical treatment in a NICU reduces the probability of hearing impairment for those two groups. Conductive hearing loss as a possible additional cause for hearing impairment was not studied in detail, but the high percentage of malformations detected (four out of fourteen hearing impaired infants) demands further monitoring, close follow-up, adequate treatment and counselling.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer prospektiven Studie wurde die Prävalenz persistierender Hörstörungen in einer Gruppe von Neugeborenen bestimmt, die von Dezember 1990 bis Dezember 1998 in der Klinik für Neonatologie und Kinderheilkunde in Behandlung waren und von der Klinik für Audiologie und Phoniatrie des Universitätsklinikums Benjamin Franklin der FU Berlin untersucht wurden, weil sie Risikofaktoren für Hörstörungen aufwiesen. Im genannten Zeitraum wurden 1062 Kinder mit transitorisch evozierten otoakustischen Emissionen (TEOAE) bzw. mit akustisch evozierten Potentialen (BERA) untersucht. Bei 934 Kindern konnte auf beiden, bei weiteren 75 Kindern auf einem Ohr das Vorliegen einer gravierenden Hörstörung ausgeschlossen werden (zusammen 95% der untersuchten Kinder). Bei 22 Kindern (2,1%) erfolgte ein Ausschluss einer gravierenden Hörstörung durch andere Stellen, bei 17 Kindern (1,6%) erfolgte keine Abklärung. Zwei dieser Kinder sind zwischenzeitlich verstorben; 14 Kinder (1,3% der Untersuchten) erwiesen sich als vermutlich oder gesichert hörgestört (Hörverlust über 30 dB). Alle diese Kinder hatten in der Neugeborenenphase Aminoglykoside erhalten, aber nur bei einem war dies der einzige Risikofaktor. Bei 12 der 14 Kinder liegen anamnestische Risiken wie kraniofaziale Dysmorphien, pränatale Röteln- oder CMV-Infektion, familiäre Belastung oder schwere peri- und postnatale Komplikationen vor, die als wahrscheinlichste Ursache der Hörstörung gelten können. Bei einem dieser Kinder war zunächst eine gravierende Hörstörung ausgeschlossen worden (BERA-Werte 30 dB beidseits), es wird eine progrediente oder durch Einflüsse nach der Neugeborenenzeit mitverursachte Hörstörung vermutet. Nach unseren Daten scheint die Aminoglykosidgabe daher keine Rolle als Risikofaktor zu spielen, wenn die Serumspiegel überwacht werden (wie das bei den untersuchten Kindern der Fall war). Keines der hörgestörten Kinder wies als einzigen weiteren Risikofaktor ein Gestationsalter zwischen 29 und 31 SSW oder ein Geburtsgewicht zwischen 1000 und 1500 g auf. Wir vermuten daher, dass durch den Fortschritt in der intensivmedizinischen Versorgung von Frühgeborenen diese Merkmale allein kein erhöhtes Risiko für Hörstörungen mehr darstellen. Vorübergehende Schalleitungsstörungen durch Paukenerguss wurden nicht im Detail untersucht. Der relativ hohe Anteil von Hörstörungen in Verbindung mit kraniofazialen Dysmorphien (4 von 14 hörgestörten Kindern) bedeutet, dass dieser Risikogruppe hohe Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden sollte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 51 (1983), S. 231-252 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Tooth-lead concentrations ; Blood-lead concentrations ; Children ; Intelligence ; Perceptual-motor integration ; Behavior ratings ; Sociohereditary background ; Multiple regression-analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Results from neuropsychological tests, collected under double-blind-precautions, were evaluated for 115 schoolage children (mean age: 9.4 years) living in a lead smelter area (Stolberg, FRG). Tooth-lead concentrations (PbT) from shed incisor teeth as measures of longtime lead-exposure were available for these children (x = 6.16 ppm; range: 1.9–38.5 ppm), and for 83 of them blood-lead concentrations (PbB) were available as well (x = 14.3 μg/dl; range: 6.8-33.8 μg/dl). The following functional capacities were tested: intelligence (German WISC), perceptual-motor integration (Göttinger Formreproduktionstest = GFT, Diagnosticum for Cerebralschüdigung = DCS), reaction performance (Wiener Determinationsgerät), finger-wrist tapping-speed, and repetitive cancellation-performance (Differentieller Leistungstest). In addition standardized behavior ratings were obtained by the examiners, the mothers, and the teachers. Multiple stepwise regression-analysis (forced solution) was calculated for outcome-variables and Pb-tooth, including age, sex, duration of labor, and socio-hereditary background as covariates. Significant (P〈 0.05) or near-significant (P〈 0.1) association was established between Pb-tooth and GFT-performance (errors), reaction-performance (false reactions), and four behavioral dimensions as rated by the mothers, namely distractability, restlessness, lack of information, and wasting of time; the proportion of explained variance never exceeded 6%, however, No significant association was found between PbT and WISC verbal-IQ after the effects of “socio-hereditary background” had been eliminated, although there was still a tendency for high level-children (PbT 〉 10 ppm) to be inferior to low level-children (PbT ≦ 4 ppm) by 4.6 IQ-points after correction for confounding. There was a near-significant, inverse relationship between fingerwrist tapping-speed and Pb-blood. The results are discussed within the framework of attention-deficit disorder, and compared to neurobehavioral Pb-effects from animal-experiments, which provide suggestive evidence for a causal relationship between developmental lead-exposure and certain neurobehavioral deficits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Lead exposure ; Cadmium exposure ; Children ; North-West Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between 1982 and 1986 several surveys were carried out to determine the levels of lead and cadmium in blood, urine, and shed deciduous teeth (incisors only) of children living in rural, suburban, urban, and industrial areas of North-West Germany. Blood lead (PbB) and blood cadmium (CdB) were measured in about 4000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbB levels vary between 5.5 and 7 μg/dl, with 98th percentiles varying between 10 and 13 μg/dl. The median CdB levels are between 0.1 and 0.2 μg/dl, with 95th percentiles between 0.3 and 0.4 μg/l. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbB levels than children from rural and suburban areas. Regarding CdB no differences could be detected. Children living in areas around lead and zinc smelters, particularly those living very close to the smelters, have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. Children from lead worker families also have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. The lead levels in shed milk teeth (PbT) were determined in about 3000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbT levels are between 2 and 3 μg/g, with 95th percentiles between 4 and 7 μg/g. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbT levels than children from rural and suburban areas. The highest PbT levels (on a group basis) are in children from nonferrous smelter areas. The median levels of lead in urine (PbU) are between 6 and 10 μg/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles between 20 and 30 μg/g creatinine. Children from polluted areas have higher PbU levels than children from less polluted areas. The median levels of cadmium in urine (CdU) are in the order of 0.1 μg/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles being in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/g creatinine. Girls have higher CdU levels than boys. There are no differences between groups of children from different areas. Children from lead worker families have higher PbU and CdU levels than otherwise comparable children. The results of the present studies indicate a further decrease of PbB in children from North-West Germany since the CEC blood lead campaigns carried out in 1979 and 1981. The decrease of lead exposure also seems to be reflected by a decrease of tooth lead levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 46 (1980), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Environment ; Lead ; Free erythrocyte porphyrin ; Smoking ; Biological quality guide for lead ; Umwelt ; Blei ; freies Erythrocyten-Porphyrin ; Rauchen ; biologische Überwachung auf Gefahrdung durch Blei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Blutbleikonzentrationen (PbB) and FEP-Werte von 1423 bzw. 673 50jährigen Männern aus einer westdeutschen Großstadt (Köln) bestimmt. Der geometrische Mittelwert der PbB-Werte beträgt 12,8 μg/100 g, der Mittelwert der FEP-Werte 35,3 μg/100 ml Erythrocyten. Probanden, die überwiegend im Bereich der Produktion and Verarbeitung tätig waren, wiesen im Durchschnitt höhere PbB-Werte auf als die im Bereich von Büro, Verwaltung, Schule etc. Tätigen. Zigarettenraucher hatten signifikant höhere PbB-Werte als Nie-Raucher. Die höchsten mittleren PbB-Werte traten im Innenstadtbereich Bowie in drei stark industrialisierten Stadtteilen auf; in Stadtrandgebieten wurden deutlich niedrigere Werte gefunden. In dem untersuchten PbB-Bereich (3,5–56,4 μg/100 g) konnte kein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen erhbhten PbB- and FEP-Werten nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung der PbB-Bestimmung als primarer Screening-Test zur biologischen Überwachung der Bevölkerung auf Gefahrdung durch Blei wird hervorgehoben.
    Notes: Summary Blood lead levels (PbB) and FEP-levels were measured in 1423 and 673 50-year-old males, respectively, from Cologne, a large West German city. The mean PbB value was 12.8 μg/ 100 g and the mean FEP was 35.3 μg/100 ml erythrocytes. Subjects working in production lines or in processing plants had higher PbB values than subjects working as employees and officers in administration, management, schools etc. Cigarette smokers had significant higher PbB values than non-smokers. The highest mean PbB values were found in the city centre as well as in three highly industrialized areas. PbB values were smaller in suburban areas. Within the range of PbB levels studied (3.5–56.6 μg/100 g), no statistically significant relationship between PbB and FEP could be demonstrated. The importance of PbB as a primary test for the biological screening of the population for lead is emphasized.
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