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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Postoperative Schmerztherapie ; Elternkontrollierte Analgesie ; Kinderanästhesie ; Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA) ; Opioide ; Key words Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) Parent-controlled analgesia ; Pediatric analgesia ; Opioids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We report the case of a 3-year-old boy, who received long-term parent-controlled analgesia after traumatic amputation of one leg. He underwent surgery 17 times for a period of 25 days. Parent-controlled analgesia was started four days after admission because analgesia with non-opioid analgetics (acetaminophen) proved to be insuffient. The pump was set to a bolus-dose of 23 µg kg−1 piritramide (dipidolor®) and a lockout interval of 10 minutes. Permitted maximum cumulative dose in four hours was 5 mg piritramide. There was no continuous infusion of opioid. PCA and possible adverse effects were explained to the mother. A monitoring regimen was used to assess efficacy (pain intensity estimated by the mother), adverse effects (sedation score, occurrence of nausea and vomiting) and piritramide consumption. For fear of side effects opioid administration was insufficient in the beginning. After three days the mother used the PCA effectively and no additional analgesic medication was required. Nausea or other side effects were not observed. After seven days opioid consumption nearly doubled. Apart from tolerance, this might have resulted from the mother’s caution in the first days. After 17 days the PCA was discontinued. Oral analgetics (tramadol) controlled the pain adequately. Management of postoperative pain in childrens is difficult and too often insufficient. PCA is a safe and effective method of providing postoperative pain relief. Feasability was shown in adolescents and, more recently, in children aged five years and over. Only few reports are available describing long term use of PCA in children younger than five years. Our case suggests that PCA may also be used effectively and safely in children younger than five years, if experienced staff, a monitoring regimen and cooperative and well instructed parents are available.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA) gilt als effiziente Methode zur Therapie postoperativer Schmerzen bei Erwachsenen. Bei Kindern ist die Schmerztherapie oft noch unzulänglich. Verantwortlich dafür ist u.a. die Angst vor unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen und einer Überdosierung von Opioiden. Die Wirkung peripherer Analgetika allein ist in der postoperativen Phase aber oft unzureichend. Kasuistiken berichten über die Anwendung der PCA bei Kindern. Als untere Altersgrenze für eine erfolgreiche Anwendung gilt dabei das vierte bis fünfte Lebensjahr. Bei jüngeren Patienten besteht die Möglichkeit einer eltern- bzw. pflegekraftkontrollierten Analgesie. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt eine elternkontrollierte Analgesie zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie bei einem knapp dreijährigen Kind, bei dem nach einem Trauma des Unterschenkels insgesamt 17 Eingriffe in Allgemeinanästhesie in einem Zeitraum von 25 Tagen erforderlich waren. Dabei zeigte sich, daß mittels PCA die Schmerzen des Patienten effizient und sicher behandelt werden konnten. Unabdingbare Voraussetzungen sind dabei adäquates Monitoring, gut geschultes Personal auf der Station und eingehend über die Technik aufgeklärte Eltern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Thorakotomie ; Epiduralanalgesie ; Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie ; Opioide ; Lokalanästhetika ; Key words Postthoracotomy pain relief ; Epidural analgesia ; Patient-controlled analgesia ; Opioids ; Local anaesthetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Background: Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA-IV) has markedly improved postoperative pain-relief. Alternatively, peridural anesthesia has been used successfully in high risk patients with the disadvantage of a more intense postoperative care. In this study we compared the applicability of intravenous vs. peridural patient-controlled analgesia on a general ward. Methods: In a prospective double blinded study 40 patients were randomized after extensive thoracic or abdominal surgery in two groups and received either intravenous PCA (n = 20) or epidural PCA (n = 20). Postoperative monitoring was performed on the general ward by specifically trained nurses. Physiological data, neurological status, the effects of the analgesia and complications were registered before and 48 hours after surgery. Pain intensity was determined by using the visual analog scale (VAS). For the evaluation of wellness and cognitive efficacy psychological tests were performed. Results: Our results show that epidural PCA without administration of a basal rate is a safe method and can be performed on a general ward. Relevant postoperative complications or negative side effects were not registered in both groups. Sufficient analgesia was achieved with both methods. Patients treated with PCA-PDK had a significantly better score regarding vigilance and subjective wellness when compared to patients in the PCA-IV group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that epidural PCA can be used on a general surgical ward as an alternative method compared to intravenous PCA. PCA-PDK may be advantageous over intravenous PCA since both techniques require similar intense monitoring and side effects in the PCA-PDK group appear to be less.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die intravenöse patientenkontrollierte Opioidanalgesie (PCA) hat zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der postoperativen Schmerztherapie beigetragen. Alternativ wurden insbesondere bei Risikopatienten rückenmarknahe Verfahren erfolgreich eingesetzt, die in der Regel aber einen hohen Aufwand an Überwachung erfordern. Eine Lösung bietet möglicherweise die Anwendung einer patientenkontrollierten Analgesie. Im Rahmen einer randomisierten prospektiven Doppelblindstudie wurde überprüft, ob eine Epiduralanalgesie nach ausgedehnten thorakalen oder abdominellen Eingriffen mittels PCA (PDK-Gruppe) auf Allgemeinstationen durchführbar ist und im Vergleich zur intravenösen PCA (IV-Gruppe) eine ausreichende Analgesie bei geringerer Rate an unerwünschten Wirkungen bzw. Komplikationen beobachtet wird. Insgesamt wurden 20 Patienten in die PDK-Gruppe und 20 in die IV-Gruppe aufgenommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß eine epidurale Analgesie mittels PCA ohne Basalrate auf chirurgischen Allgemeinstationen durchführbar ist. Bei keinem Patienten in beiden Gruppen wurden im postoperativen Verlauf Komplikationen oder relevante unerwünschte Wirkungen beobachtet. Mit beiden Verfahren konnte eine befriedigende Analgesie – gemessen mit der Visuellen Analogskala – erreicht werden. Statistisch signifikant bessere Werte fanden sich in der PDK-Gruppe für Vigilanz und subjektive Befindlichkeit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 44 (1995), S. 590-594 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lachgas ; Aufwachraum ; Schadstoffbelastung ; Key words Occupational exposure ; Nitrous oxide ; Recovery room ; Direct reading instrument
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Epidemiologic studies have shown that trace concentrations of inhalation anaesthetics polluting the air of operating theatres could have deleterious effects on the personnel's health. Nitrous oxide (N2O) oxidises vitamin B12 and thus decreases DNA production by inactivation of methionine synthase. Therefore, the United States and most European health authorities recommend threshold values to protect against potential health risks. These values range from 25 to 100 ppm, expressed as time-weighted averages (TWA). There is a lack of data concerning measurements of trace concentrations under defined conditions. The aim of this study was to quantify levels of N2O in a recovery room (RR) with an air conditioning system. Methods. Trace concentrations of N2O were determined in the main RR of the University Hospital of Regensburg (Germany). Measurements were taken for 5 days from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Trace concentrations of N2O were measured directly by means of a highly sensitive photoacoustic infrared spectrometry analyser. The lower detection limit was 0.03 ppm. Samples of room air were taken continuously from six different places in the recovery room, five of which had a distance of 50 cm to the patients' heads. One point represented the nurses' desk 5 m away from the patients. TWAs were calculated for each day and location. Results. All values were below 5 ppm TWA at each location. Typical TWA (range) values recorded at day 2 were for point 1:3.5 ppm (0.4–8.9), point 2:3.2 (0.5–7.3), point 3:3.0 (0.5–5.4), point 4:3.7 (0.5–21.2), point 5:3.2 ( 0.6–6.6), and at the nurses' desk 3.3 (0.5–6.3). Peak concentrations of nearly 25 ppm were reached for at least 10 min. Significant differences between the days and locations could not be found (P〈0.05, Wilcoxon test). Conclusion. Exposure to N2O in a climatised RR is determined by several factors: (1) efficacy of air conditioning, with 10.7 changes per hour without recirculation; (2) recovery room size; (3) transport of the patients takes about 15 min, during which some quantities of N2O leave the patient; and (4) high numbers of patients staying 2 and more hours in the recovery room and exhaling smaller concentrations of N2O into the room air. Because of these factors, all measured values are significantly below the standard international threshold values. Under other conditions of room design, such as ventilation and size, measured values may be higher.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Da Gesundheitsschäden des Personals durch Spurenkonzentrationen von Lachgas nicht grundsätzlich auszuschließen sind, existiert seit Ende 1993 in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine gesetzlich verbindliche Maximale Arbeitsplatzkonzentration (MAK) für Lachgas von 100 ppm. Systematische Untersuchungen zur Lachgasbelastung in Aufwachräumen liegen derzeit nur stichprobenhaft vor. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, unter den Bedingungen einer modernen Klimatechnik an 5 Tagen über jeweils 12 h die Exposition des Personals im Aufwachraum kontinuierlich zu bestimmen. Mittels eines direktanzeigenden, hochsensitiven Spurengasmonitors wurde die Schadstoffbelastung an 6 Arbeitsplätzen simultan und kontinuierlich analysiert. Insgesamt lag die durchschnittliche Belastung deutlich unter den MAK-Werten von 100 ppm. Selbst die amerikanischen Empfehlungen von 25 ppm wurden unterboten. Kurzzeitige Spitzenkonzentrationen von bis zu 25 ppm waren zeitlich mit einer Vollbelegung des Aufwachraums korreliert. Die gemessenen niedrigen Konzentrationen können auf mehrere Faktoren zugeführt werden: 1. Die Effektivität der Klimatechnik mit 10,7 Wechseln pro Stunde ohne Rezirkulation, 2. die Raumgröße, 3. eine Transportzeit von ca. 15 min, während der die Patienten Restkonzentrationen an Lachgas abatmen und 4. eine lange Verweildauer der Patienten im Aufwachraum und damit ein höherer Anteil Patienten mit niedrigen Lachgaskonzentrationen in der Ausatemluft. Unter den genannten Bedingungen wäre eine Beschäftigung schwangerer Mitarbeiterinnen im Aufwachraum der Tätigkeit im OP vorzuziehen. In Aufwachräumen mit anderen baulichen Voraussetzungen sollten systematische Messungen über mehrere Tage durchgeführt werden, um eine Aussage bezüglich des Belastungsprofils treffen zu können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1996), S. 134-138 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Occupational exposure ; Anaesthesia ; Sevoflurane ; Nitrous oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Object: To quantify the exposure of operating room personnel to sevoflurane and nitrous oxide. Design: Prospective study at a university hospital. Methods: In 25 patients undergoing elective surgical procedures, anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone/etomidate, vecuronium and fentanyl and maintained with fentanyl, sevoflurane in 35% oxygen and 65% nitrous oxide (N2O). Occupational exposure to sevoflurane and N2O was measured in the breathing zone of one representative of each of three personnel groups (anaesthetist, surgeon, auxiliary nurse) by means of a direct reading instrument using photoacoustic infrared spectrometry. Results: The mean trace concentrations of sevoflurane for the single anaesthetic procedures exceeded the 0.5 ppm level in more than 50% of the measurements. The 2 ppm level was not exceeded in the case of the anaesthetist and the surgeon, but was exceeded in 16% of the measurements for the auxiliary nurse. The level of 25 ppm N2O were exceeded in 28% of the measurements for the anaesthetist and in 16% of these for the surgeon and for the auxiliary nurse. Conclusions: To keep exposure low, sevoflurane and N2O were used in a modern working environment: a low-leakage anaesthesia machine, high room ventilation rates, scavenging system, no intermittent mask ventilation, low to medium concentrations of sevoflurane, and strict control of the cuff pressure. Nevertheless, exposure could not be kept under NIOSH threshold values in all cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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