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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sevofluran ; Kontrollierte randomisierte Studie ; Kinderanästhesie ; Inhalationseinleitung ; Fluorid ; Key words Sevoflurane ; Controlled randomized study ; Children ; Inhalation induction ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Due to its low blood:gas partition coefficient (0.69) and its neutral odor, sevoflurane (S) is suitable for inhalational induction of anaesthesia. At the moment halothane (H) is preferentially used for this purpose due to its non-irritating odor and the smoothness of anaesthetic action. However, experience is limited with the use of S in children, and concern exists about potential renal toxicity of its metabolite, i.e. fluoride. Therefore, we compared S and H in an open, randomized phase III trial. Material and methods. With approval of the ethics committee and written informed parental consent, 40 children (age 1–10, mean 5.3 years, ASA class I and II) had anaesthesia induced without premedication (fresh gas flow 6 l/min, N2O/O2=65/35). Concentration of volatile anaesthetics was increased every 3–5 breaths (S: 0.8…3.2 vol%, H: 0.4…1.6 Vol%). The ciliary reflex was tested until it disappeared. Airway reflexes and excitation were quantified using a score. Upon venipuncture, relaxation and intubation, anaesthesia was maintained with S (Fi: 2.4 vol%) or H (Fi: 1.2 vol%) in N2O/O2 (3 l/min, etCO2 35–38 mm HG). Alfentanil was supplemented in repeated doses of 20 μg/kg. ECG, NIBP, SpO2, Fi and Fet of CO2 and volatile anaesthetics were continuously recorded. At the end of surgery anaesthetics were terminated abruptly and fresh gas flow was increased to 6 l/min O2. Time to the first purposeful movement was registered. Serum fluoride levels were determined immediately after venipuncture, at the end of surgery and 70 min later. Time to possible discharge from the PACU was quantified using a modified Aldrete score. Data were analysed with descriptive methods, Student's t-test or non-parametric tests as appropriate. Results. Groups did not differ with respect to age, weight, sex, or type of surgery. Total dose of anaesthetics was 1.60 MACxh for S and 1.77 MACxh for H (p=0.68). Table 6 shows the essential data. Mean arterial blood pressures and heart rate remained within ±20% of age-related normal values (Table 7). Mean serum fluoride level was 23.1±1.2 μmol/l at the end of surgery and decreased to 18.6±0.970 min later (Fig. 3). Conclusions. Sevoflurane is an alternative to halothane in pediatric inhalational anaesthesia, with a comparable, low incidence of airway irritation and smoothness of induction. Because of the significantly faster induction and recovery it seems superior to halothane. With the fluoride levels measured, an impairment of renal function is unlikely.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Kindern, dem wesentlichen Patientenkollektiv für inhalative Narkoseeinleitungen, liegen nur geringe Erfahrungen mit dem vermutlich besonders geeigneten Sevofluran vor. In einer offenen, randomisierten Studie haben wir daher Einschlaf- und Aufwachzeiten, Atemwegsreflexe und Kreislaufwirkungen von Sevofluran (S) mit denen von Halothan (H) bei Kindern (Alter 1–10 Jahre) während mindestens einstündigen Eingriffen verglichen. Mit Zustimmung der Ethikkommission wurden 40 Kinder der Risikogruppen ASA I und II nach schriftlicher Einwilligung der Eltern rekrutiert. Die Narkosen wurden ohne Prämedikation mit ansteigenden Konzentrationen von S oder H in N2O/O2 (65:35) induziert. Der Frischgasflow (FGF) betrug 6 l/min. Nach Relaxation und Intubation wurden die Narkosen mit S (Fi 2–2,4 Vol.-%) oder H (1,1–1,4 Vol-%) in N2O/O2 (65:35, 3 l/min) weitergeführt. Zur Ausleitung wurde der FGF auf 6 l/min erhöht. Fluoridspiegel wurden bei Einleitung, am Narkoseende sowie 70 min nach Narkose bestimmt. Die Gruppen waren biometrisch vergleichbar. Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz waren in beiden Gruppen stabil. Die Einschlafzeit betrug 183±32 (H) bzw. 129±34 s (S) (p〈0,01), die Aufwachzeit 775±314 (H) bzw. 468±194 s (S) (p〈0,01). Nach S wurden die Kinder 4,6 min früher extubiert (p〈0,01). Die Atemwegsverträglichkeit war bei beiden Gasen gut. Der Fluoridspiegel (S) betrug am Narkoseende 23,1±1,2 μmol/l, 70 min später 18,6±0,9 μmol/l (p〈0,01). Mit Sevofluran steht ein neues, sicheres Anästhetikum für die Kinderanästhesie zur Verfügung, das bei vergleichbar geringer Atemwegsirritation wegen der höheren Induktions- und Aufwachgeschwindigkeit dem Halothan überlegen ist. Die Fluoridwerte unter S lassen eine wesentliche Beeinträchtigung der Nierenfunktion nicht erwarten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Postoperative Schmerztherapie ; Elternkontrollierte Analgesie ; Kinderanästhesie ; Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA) ; Opioide ; Key words Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) Parent-controlled analgesia ; Pediatric analgesia ; Opioids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract We report the case of a 3-year-old boy, who received long-term parent-controlled analgesia after traumatic amputation of one leg. He underwent surgery 17 times for a period of 25 days. Parent-controlled analgesia was started four days after admission because analgesia with non-opioid analgetics (acetaminophen) proved to be insuffient. The pump was set to a bolus-dose of 23 µg kg−1 piritramide (dipidolor®) and a lockout interval of 10 minutes. Permitted maximum cumulative dose in four hours was 5 mg piritramide. There was no continuous infusion of opioid. PCA and possible adverse effects were explained to the mother. A monitoring regimen was used to assess efficacy (pain intensity estimated by the mother), adverse effects (sedation score, occurrence of nausea and vomiting) and piritramide consumption. For fear of side effects opioid administration was insufficient in the beginning. After three days the mother used the PCA effectively and no additional analgesic medication was required. Nausea or other side effects were not observed. After seven days opioid consumption nearly doubled. Apart from tolerance, this might have resulted from the mother’s caution in the first days. After 17 days the PCA was discontinued. Oral analgetics (tramadol) controlled the pain adequately. Management of postoperative pain in childrens is difficult and too often insufficient. PCA is a safe and effective method of providing postoperative pain relief. Feasability was shown in adolescents and, more recently, in children aged five years and over. Only few reports are available describing long term use of PCA in children younger than five years. Our case suggests that PCA may also be used effectively and safely in children younger than five years, if experienced staff, a monitoring regimen and cooperative and well instructed parents are available.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA) gilt als effiziente Methode zur Therapie postoperativer Schmerzen bei Erwachsenen. Bei Kindern ist die Schmerztherapie oft noch unzulänglich. Verantwortlich dafür ist u.a. die Angst vor unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen und einer Überdosierung von Opioiden. Die Wirkung peripherer Analgetika allein ist in der postoperativen Phase aber oft unzureichend. Kasuistiken berichten über die Anwendung der PCA bei Kindern. Als untere Altersgrenze für eine erfolgreiche Anwendung gilt dabei das vierte bis fünfte Lebensjahr. Bei jüngeren Patienten besteht die Möglichkeit einer eltern- bzw. pflegekraftkontrollierten Analgesie. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt eine elternkontrollierte Analgesie zur postoperativen Schmerztherapie bei einem knapp dreijährigen Kind, bei dem nach einem Trauma des Unterschenkels insgesamt 17 Eingriffe in Allgemeinanästhesie in einem Zeitraum von 25 Tagen erforderlich waren. Dabei zeigte sich, daß mittels PCA die Schmerzen des Patienten effizient und sicher behandelt werden konnten. Unabdingbare Voraussetzungen sind dabei adäquates Monitoring, gut geschultes Personal auf der Station und eingehend über die Technik aufgeklärte Eltern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Schmerztherapie ; Plexus brachialis ; Interskalenäre Blockade ; Neurologisches Defizit ; Akromioplastik nach NEER ; Key words Pain therapy ; Plexus brachialis ; Interscalene block ; Neurological deficit ; Acromioplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract An interscalene block of the brachial plexus was combined with general anaesthesia for repair of a complex chronic lesion of the shoulder. The localisation of the plexus with electro-stimulation and the injection of Bupivacain 0.5% were accomplished easily and without painful sensations. 48 hours later the block was still partially present. Paraesthesia and a sensory and motor innervation deficit affected mainly the dorsal fascicle, but also areas innervated by the median and lateral fascicles. The deficit did not completely disappear for 18 month. The cause could have been due to direct traumatisation during blockade or operation, toxic action of the injected substance (Bupivacain 0,5%, 30 ml), distension of the plexus, a cervical syndrome or an aseptic plexitis, although a definite determination is not possible. However, the pattern of the lesion and the lack of pain during localisation of the plexus and injection favour traumatisation during the acromioplasty.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einer aus schmerztherapeutischer Indikation zusätzlich zur Allgemeinanästhesie durchgeführten interskalenären Plexusblockade für eine Schulteroperation kam es zu einer lang anhaltenden Schädigung von Anteilen des Plexus brachialis. Sie betraf v. a. den Fasciculus posterior, schloß aber auch Paresen im Innervationsgebiet der Fasciculi medialis und lateralis ein. Die motorischen und sensiblen Ausfälle besserten sich langsam aber vollständig über eineinhalb Jahre. Eine anästhesiologische Ursache der Plexusläsion ist aufgrund des Verletzungsmusters und der angewendeten Technik eher unwahrscheinlich. Dagegen ist eine Läsion durch Lagerung und operative Bedingungen (Hacken) denkbar, weshalb der Anästhesist und auch der Operateur bei derartigen Eingriffen auf potentielle Dehnungen und Druckschäden des Plexus brachialis achten sollten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 11 (1923), S. 857-862 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 11 (1923), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 433 (2005), S. 193-193 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir In News and Views (“Ethics and amphibians” Nature 431, 403; 2004), Robert M. May discusses a study by M. A. McCarthy and K. M. Parris on the effects of toe-clipping on amphibians. This is a standard technique for ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 111 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In a retrospective study of 503 well-documented cases of primary malignant melanoma (stage I) clinical criteria were analysed for their prognostic relevance. The maximum elevation (in mm) of the tumour was found to be the most important single prognostic factor. There was a close association with tumour thickness, measured histologically by the method of Breslow (correlation coefficient=0·73). A combination of elevation and three additional clinical criteria (site, nodule- or lesion-diameter, and surface defects such as erosion, ulceration or bleeding) allowed a further improvement in prognostic accuracy. This clinical classification into low-risk and high-risk melanomas was as effective as the use of tumour thickness measured histologically, and can therefore be used for the preoperative planning of treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 79 (1975), S. 2098-2105 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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