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  • pineal gland  (6)
  • Pinealocytes  (5)
  • baboon (Papio cynocephalus)  (2)
  • pinealectomy  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Morphometric analysis ; Superior cervical ganglionectomy ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Gerbil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphometric analytical procedures were employed to study the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil following superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGX). The purpose of this study was to define the effects of sympathetic denervation on the morphology of the gland at two time periods, 0500 and 1900 h (one hour before lights-on and lights-off, respectively). Fluorescence histochemistry was employed to determine catecholamine and indoleamine content in intact and denervated pineal glands. After SCGX, the pinealocytes decrease in size, concretions are prevented from forming, and the yellow fluorescence in the gland is lost. Following denervation a depression in the volume of most of the pinealocyte organelles, i.e., SER, RER/ribosomes, free cytoplasm, mitochondria and presumptive secretory vesicles, was also observed. However, synaptic ribbons increased in volume in the gerbils that had been killed at 1900 h. It appears that the sympathetic innervation to the pineal gland is a requirement for the presumptive secretory activity of the pinealocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235168
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential responses of rat pineal thyroxine type II 5′-deiodinase andN-acetyltransferase activities to either light exposure, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, or propranolol (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 8 (1988), S. 447-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: pineal gland ; thyroxine type II 5′-deiodinase ; N-acetyltransferase ; light exposure at night ; β-adrenergic receptor agonists ; α-adrenergic receptor agonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Compared to pinealN-acetyl transferase (NAT) activity, which exhibited a dramatic drop following acute light exposure at night, nocturnal rat pineal thyroxine type II 5′-deiodinase (5′-D) activity was minimally influenced by the same light exposure. The injection of cycloheximide, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis, although it did curtail the rise in NAT activity for at least 2 hr, did not elicit decreases in the activities of either 5′-D or NAT enzymes. Propranolol, aβ-adrenergic blocker, either delayed the continued nocturnal rise in 5′-D activity when injected at 0000 hr or slightly enhanced the fall in 5′-D activity when injected at 0200 hr. These results suggest that interruption of the synthesis of proteins is responsible for the slow deterioration of 5′-D activity induced by either light or propranolol. 2. The slight fall in 5′-D activity induced by light at night was prevented by isoproterenol; phenylephrine, however, did not prevent the fall and the effect of isoproterenol + phenylephrine was similar to that obtained with isoproterenol alone. On the other hand, the light-inhibited NAT activity recovered after the injection of isoproterenol; phenylephrine did not elicit any effect, but the injection of both isoproterenol and phenylephrine simultaneously caused a greater NAT response than that induced by isoproterenol alone. 3. When injected during the day, phenylephrine had no effect on either pineal 5′-D or NAT activities; however, the injection of either isoproterenol alone or isoproterenol + phenylephrine elicited 5-fold and 10-fold increases in nocturnal, light-suppressed 5′-D and NAT activities, respectively. During the day, phenylephrine did not potentiate the effects of isoproterenol on NAT activity as it did at night. When the effects of isoproterenol on the 5′-D activity were compared to rats exposed to light during the day and at night, the activity of 5′-D reached a higher level at night than during the day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711228
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inclusion bodies in pinealocytes of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 413-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Cotton rat ; X-ray microanalysis ; Protein digestion ; Inclusion bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pinealocytes of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) often contain large (2–6 μm diameter) intracytoplasmic inclusions, the function of which is not known. These inclusions may represent nucleolus-like bodies, mineral deposits, secretory products or viral inclusions. In this study these inclusions were classified as type A, B or C inclusions based on the amount of electron-dense material interspersed within the finely granular material comprising the bulk of these inclusions. Each type of inclusion was analyzed by X-ray microanalysis and enzymatic protein-aceous digestion. X-ray microanalysis of these inclusions differed both quantitatively and semiquantitatively from that of human or gerbil pineal concretions, the latter two of which are extracellular deposits. Pronase, a proteolytic enzyme, digested the electron-dense material only after longer times of tissue exposure to this enzyme in contrast to the easily digested, finely granular matrix-like material of these inclusions. Such intrapinealocytic inclusions have only been observed in the cotton rat. Their functional significance remains unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213796
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 95-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Gerbil ; Pinealocytes ; Morphometric analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of morphometric analytical procedures, a diurnal rhythm in the cellular volume of gerbil pinealocytes was determined. This rhythm has been attributed primarily to a change in the cytoplasmic volume of the pinealocytes which is low during the daylight hours and increases to reach a peak during the middle of the dark period. At the ultrastructural level, six cytoplasmic components of the pinealocytes were found to exhibit a rhythm: free cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes, secretory vesicles, microtubules, and mitochondria. The presumptive secretory vesicles and the microtubules reached a peak in volume one hour before lights-off. It is suggested that lights-on and lights-off both signal a decrease in size and/or number of the secretory vesicles. The SER and RER/ribosomes reached their peak volume one hour after lights-off which is interpreted as indicating a peak in indoleamine synthesis and protein synthesis, respectively. The volume of free cytoplasm exhibits two peaks; one occurs one hour before lights-off while the second peak occurs in the middle of the dark phase. It is suggested that, although part of the secretory product of the pinealocyte may be present in dense-cored vesicles, other locations could include the free cytoplasm and clear secretory vesicles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235167
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pineal gland of the gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus (1978)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 323-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Gerbil ; Pinealocytes ; Concretions ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy was employed in a study of the pineal gland of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). It was determined that the gerbil pineal gland contains pinealocytes and glial cells with the pinealocytes being the predominant cell type. The pinealocytes contain numerous organelles traditionally considered as being either synthetic or secretory in function such as an extensive Golgi region, smooth (SER) and rough (RER) endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles and microtubules. Other cytoplasmic components are also present in the pinealocytes (synaptic ribbons, subsurface cisternae) for which no function has been assigned. Dense-cored vesicles are rare. Vacuolated pinealocytes are present and appear to be intimately associated with the formation of the pineal concertions. Evidence presented supports the proposal that the concretions form within the vacuoles. Once the concretions reach an enlarged state, the vacuolated pinealocytes break down and the concretions are thus extruded into the extracellular space where they apparently continue to increase in size. The morphology of the glial cells was interpreted as indicative of a high synthetic activity. The glial cells contain predominantly the rough variety of endoplasmic reticulum and form an expansion around the wide perivascular area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209044
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iron decreases the nuclear but not the cytosolic content of the neurohormone melatonin in several tissues in chicks (1996)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 60 (1996), S. 317-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: melatonin ; iron ; pineal gland ; tissues ; nucleus ; cytosol ; chicks ; erythrocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper describes the influence of iron on both nuclear and cytosolic melatonin contents in several tissues of chicks. The neurohormone melatonin was estimated by means of radioimmunoassay. Iron, administered as FeCl3, decreased the nuclear melatonin level in a variety of tissues, including brain, heart, lung, kidney, and erythrocytes (nucleated cells in chicks) but was not seen in either the liver or gut. All variations related with iron were seen in the nuclear fraction, while only in the pineal gland did the melatonin content of the cytosol change as a result of iron treatment. We also observed a day-night rhythm in the nuclear melatonin: high nuclear levels of melatonin at night and low levels during the light period. This is the first report of nuclear localization of melatonin in any avian cell. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of cerebellar nitric oxide synthase and cyclic GMP production by melatonin via complex formation with calmodulin (1997)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 65 (1997), S. 430-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: melatonin ; pineal gland ; cerebellum ; nitric oxide ; nitric oxide synthase ; calmodulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Constitutive rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity is shown to be inhibited by physiological concentrations of the pineal hormone melatonin. The inhibition was dose-dependent and was coupled to an inhibition of the cyclic GMP production activated by L-arginine. Results also show that calmodulin appears to be involved in this process because its presence in the incubation medium was able to prevent the effect of melatonin on both NOS activity and cyclic GMP production. Moreover, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies suggest that melatonin can interact with calmodulin modifying the binding of the peptide to the synthetic NOS peptide encompassing the calmodulin-binding domain of constitutive NOS from rat cerebellum, the natural mechanism by which calmodulin activates cerebellar NOS. J. Cell. Biochem. 65:430-442. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear localization of melatonin in different mammalian tissues: Immunocytochemical and radioimmunoassay evidence (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 373-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: cell fractionation ; pinealectomy ; rat ; hamster ; mouse ; baboon ; liver ; brain ; gut ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Melatonin was detected by an improved immunocytochemical technique in the cell nuclei of most tissues studied including several brain areas, pineal gland, Harderian gland, gut, liver, kidney, and spleen from rodents and primates. Cryostat sections from tissues fixed in Bouin's fluid, formalin, or acetone/ethanol were used. The nuclear staining appeared primarily associated with the chromatin. The nucleoli did not exhibit a positive reaction. The melatonin antiserum was used in the range of 1:500 to 1:5,000. Incubation of the antibody with an excess of melatonin resulted in the complete blockade of nuclear staining. Pretreatment of the sections with proteinase K (200-1,000 ng/ml) prevented the positive immunoreaction. In a second aspect of the study, we estimated the concentration of melatonin by means of radioimmunoassay in the nuclear fraction of several tissues including cerebral cortex, liver, and gut. The subcutaneous injection of melatonin (500 μg/kg) to rats resulted, after 30 min, in a rapid increase in the nuclear concentration of immunoreactive melatonin which varied in a tissue-dependent manner. However, samples collected 3 h after the injection showed that melatonin levels had decreased to control values. Pinealectomy in rats resulted in a clear reduction in the nuclear content of melatonin in the cerebral cortex and liver but not in the gut. The results of these studies suggest that melatonin may interact with nuclear proteins and that the indole may have an important function at the nuclear level in a variety of mammalian tissues.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240530415
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual differences in 5′-deiodinase activity in the harderian gland of Syrian hamsters and the effect of pinealectomy: Regulation by androgens (1996)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 62 (1996), S. 397-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: 5′-deiodinase activity ; Syrian hamster ; Harderian gland ; testosterone ; 5α-dihydrotestosterone ; pinealectomy ; rhythm ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Sexual differences on thyroxine 5′-deiodinase (5′-D) in the Harderian gland of Syrian hamsters were investigated. We compared the 24-h profile of 5′-D activity in male and female hamsters, observing a clear rhythm in males but not in females. Female values were always significantly higher than male ones. After pinealectomy day/night variations in male 5′-D activity at the time points studies were abolished, results that are in correlation with serum thyroid hormones. We also studied the regulation by androgen of the enzyme activity. Basal 5′-D activity increased in castrated males and levels fell when animals were implanted with testosterone or its product 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Female 5′-D activity was also inhibited by androgens. As only the addition of DHT in the presence of epitestosterone, an inhibitor of the conversion of testosterone on DHT, in castrated males was able to decrease 5′-D activity to control animal levels, we suggest a probable direct effect of DHT by itself. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphofunctional aspects of the mammalian pineal gland (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 21 (1992), S. 136-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Secretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The primary aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge of the ultrastructure of the mammalian pineal gland, with emphasis on its functional aspects. Basic ultrastructural features of the mammalian pinealocytes are presented with special attention paid to ultrastructural aspects of pineal secretion.
    Additional Material: 38 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070210206
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