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  • 1
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In Part I the translational resistance of the random coil was discussed. In the two limiting cases of the freely draining and the completely nondraining coil a theoretical treatment was given, while for intermediate draining conditions an experimental method, involving large-scale models of the molecules, was shown to be available. The same treatment is now extended to deal with the analogous case of the hydrodynamic rotational resistance of the random coil. It is on this characteristic resistance that the intrinsic viscosity and the flow birefringence of solutions of chain molecules principally depend.Expressions are found for the viscosity index [η], the orientation index [ω], and the birefringence index [n], respectively. In these formulas Z is the degree of polymerization while the parameters aη, aη, aη, and brot are independent of Z. These parameters are, however, functions of the length Am of the preferential statistical chain element and the hydrodynamic thickness dh of the chain. an also includes the anisotropy of polarizability of the statistical chain element. It is seen moreover that [ω] (in contrast to [η] and [η]) also depends on the shape resistance of the chain (i.e., on the resistance which the chain inherently offers to a rapid change in configuration).
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 14 (1954), S. 193-208 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: For the description of the practical properties of a large number of linear polymer molecules as well as for the discussion of the various mean parameters of the individual chain molecule, the model usually employed to represent the molecule consists of N m straight line chain elements of length A m statistically joined to each other (straight element model). For the construction of large-scale wire models of polymer molecules to be used in model experiments on the hydrodynamic behavior of chain molecules, a somewhat different model (circular segment model) was employed in previous papers. In these papers the relationships connecting the parameters which characterize these two models respectively have been determined on the basis of certain assumptions. These assumptions, as has recently been shown, were however partly in error and certain corrections have now to be applied to the numerical constants which appear in previously published formulas for the diffusion and sedimentation constants and for the intrinsic viscosity and streaming birefringence. The formulas, resulting after these corrections have been incorporated, are compiled in the present paper and the effect of these corrections on the interpretation of both new and old experimental results is discussed. It is found that agreement between theory and experiment is improved by the use of the corrected expressions and that in particular certain discrepancies which had previously existed between the lengths A m of the statistical chain element as calculated from sedimentation and diffusion experiments, on the one hand, and viscosity determinations on the other, disappear after these corrections are applied (see Table I).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Filaments of polyvinyl alcohol crosslinked by dry heating reach a swelling equilibrium without dissolving in water or in a N/10 acetate buffer solution. The addition of Cu••-ions to the swollen filaments produces an additional crosslinking, associated with an increased E-modulus and a contraction of the filament. Comparison shows that the efficiency per crosslink with respect to the E-modulus increase is about 6 to 8 times smaller in the case of Cu••-crosslinking of swollen polyvinyl alcohol than in the case of non swollen rubber crosslinking. This difference is attributed to the use of a great part of the reagent in case of polyvinyl alcohol for producing network portions with an exceptionally low network filament molecular weight, leaving the high length of other filament parts practically unchanged. In the case of an inhomogeneous filament weight distribution a small value of the E-modulus efficiency factor fE per crosslink can be expected.
    Notes: Fäden aus Polyvinylalkohol wurden zunächst im homogenen Zustande thermisch vernetzt, so daß sie in Wasser bzw. in einem n/10 Na-Acetatpuffer stark quellen, ohne sich zu lösen. Die gequollenen Folien wurden anschließend durch Einwirkung von Cu••-Ionen zusätzlich vernetzt. Es tritt dabei eine Kontraktion der Folien sowie eine Erhöhung des E-Moduls ein. Die durch Einwirkung eines Cu••-Ions herbeigeführte Erhöhung des E-Moduls wird verglichen mit der beispielsweise bei Kautschuk durch die Bildung eines Vernetzungspunktes herbeigeführten E-Modul-Erhöhung, gemessen am homogenen und am anschließend an die Vernetzung gequollenen Kautschuk.Die Wirksamkeit je Vernetzungspunkt ist bei der Cu••-Vernetzung des gequollenen Polyvinylalkohols etwa 6 bis 8 mal kleiner als die Wirksamkeit je Vernetzungspunkt beim homogenen Kautschuk. Das Auftreten eines E-Modul-Wirksamkeitsfaktors fE von der Größe 1/6 bis 1/8 bei der Cu••-Vernetzung des gequollenen Polyvinylalkohols wird in erster Linie dadurch gedeutet, daß beim hoch gequollenen Polyvinylalkoholgel ein großer Teil des Vernetzungsreagenses für die Bildung von Netzwerkteilen mit sehr kleinem Netzbogengewicht verwendet wird. Es entsteht dann an Stelle eines homogenen ein hinsichtlich der Netzbogengewichtsverteilung stark unhomogenes Netzwerk, für welches ein stark unterhalb 1 liegender E-Modul-Wirksamkeitsfaktor modellmäßig zu erwarten ist.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The YOUNG's modulus E′ and the POISSON number μ′ of a swollen gel sample, stretched in an embedding fluid of constant activity, are different from the YOUNG's modulus E and the POISSON number μ of the same gel sample stretched at constant mass of the swelling agent in the sample. A relation between the four elastic constants derived recently was confirmed by experiment.
    Notes: Zwei verschiedene Bedingungen, unter denen eine gequollene Folie elastisch verformt werden kann, sind: 1. Dehnung bei konstanter Zusammensetzung, insbesondere bei konstantem Gehalt des Gelfadens an Quellungsmittel und 2. Streckung bei konstantem Partialdruck des Quellungsmittels. Die Elastizitätsmodule E, E′ und die POISSONschen Zahlen μ, μ′ für diese beiden Dehnungsbedingungen werden definiert und experimentell festgestellt. Eine quantitative beziehung zwischen diesen vier Größen, die in einer früheren Arbeit hergeleitet worden war, konnte experimentell bestätigt werden.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 762-763 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Brine electrolysis ; undivided electrochemical reactors ; anode-cathode ratios ; hypochlorite ; roughness ; electrodes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 187 (1986), S. 1777-1786 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Calculations show for an anionic block copolymerization under ideal conditions that the integral chemical distribution of a block copolymer (with given number-average molar mass and average chemical composition) should be independent of the number of blocks in the copolymer and thus independent of the way in which the monomers are added during polymerization. Calculations for block copolymers consisting of styrene and butadiene are given to illustrate the decrease of the width of the chemical distribution with increasing molar mass. The chemical distributions of styrene-butadiene block copolymers determined experimentally by successive fractional demixing with demixing solvents are consistently broader than the calculated ones. This must be attributed to association equilibria of the initiator and of the living polymer chains and also to termination reactions of the polymer chains. The theoretically expected narrow chemical distributions can be obtained approximately by head and tail fractional demixing of the copolymers with demixing solvents.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Basic assumptions and theoretical approaches concerning the determination of long chain branching by experimental determination of intrinsic viscosities [η], molecular weights Mw and radii of gyration r of statistical coils of polymers with low heterogeneity of molecular weight (UM ≈ 0,5) are examined. Neither of the two theories which are often applied makes use of the correct relation between the ratios [η]v/[η]1 and of branched and linear molecules of a given molecular weight in good solvents. Both theories neglect the fact that the FOX-FLORY-constant Φ of molecules with strong random branching reaches a limiting value and that certain branching mechanisms give abnormal coil shapes and hence abnormal FOX-FLORY-constants Φ. This is verified experimentally by measurements on swollen spherical gel particles and fractions of star shaped as well as statistically branched polymers and of low-density polyethylenes.Both theories furthermore use restrictive assumptions about the molecular weight distribution and partly unsuitable averages for . Model calculations show that for molecularly inhomogeneous polymers approximately the weight average nw, of the number of branching points per molecule is obtained, if the measurements are evaluated by means of the functions derived for unimolecular polymers.A new method for the evaluation of long chain branching is given, which takes into account the different draining of linear and branched molecules.
    Notes: Wichtige Annahmen und theoretische Ansätze zur Ermittlung der Langkettenverzweigung durch experimentelle Ermittlung von Grenzviskositätszahlen [η], Molekulargewichten Mw und Trägheitsradien r der Knäuel von Polymeren mit geringer Uneinheitlichkeit der Molekulargewichte (UM ≈ 0,5) werden überprüft. Es zeigt sich, daß keine der beiden oft verwendeten Theorien die richtige Beziehung zwischen den Verhältnissen [η]v/[η]1 und verzweigter und linearer Moleküle bestimmten Molekulargewichtes in guten Lösungsmitteln verwendet. Sie vernachlässigen, daß die Durchspülungskonstante statistisch stark verzweigter Moleküle einem Grenzwert zustrebt und bestimmte Verzweigungsmechanismen anomale Knäuelformen und damit auch anomale Durchspülungskonstanten erzeugen. Dies wird experimentell durch Messungen an gequollenen, kugeligen Gelpartikeln und Fraktionen von sternförmig sowie statistisch verzweigten Polymeren und Polyäthylenen niederer Dichte verifiziert.Die Theorien verwenden ferner einschränkende Annahmen über die Molekulargewichts-verteilung und z.T. ungeeignete Mittelwerte für . Modellrechnungen zeigen, daß man bei molekular uneinheitlichen Polymeren näherungsweise das Gewichtsmittel nw der Anzahl Verzweigungspunkte pro Molekül erhält, wenn man die Meßwerte mit den für einheitliche Polymere abgeleiteten Funktionen auswertet.Es wird ein neues Auswerteverfahren zur Ermittlung der Langkettenverzweigung angegeben, das die unterschiedliche Durchspülbarkeit von linearen und verzweigten Molekülen berücksichtigt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: From theoretical considerations it is concluded that molecular weights and radii of gyration of the grafted chains in graft copolymers as well as the incompatibility of the grafted chains with the backbone polymer can be determined by light-scattering measurements in solution if the solvent used for these measurements is isorefractive with respect to the backbone polymer and if the weight fraction of the grafted chains is known.The new method for determining the incompatibility from anomalous Zimm-Diagrams is illustrated for mixtures of polystyrene and a chemically homogeneous ethylene/vinyl acetate random copolymer and is applied to fractions of the corresponding graft copolymers.The results of the light scattering measurements are compared with phase separation data from turbidimetric measurements.
    Notes: Theoretische Betrachtungen zeigen, daß man bei Pfropfcopolymeren durch Lichtstreuungsmessungen in Lösung außer den Molekulargewichten und Trägheitsradien der Pfropfäste auch die Unverträglichkeit der Pfropfäste mit der Pfropfunterlage ermitteln kann, wenn das verwendete Lösungsmittel isorefraktiv mit der Pfropfunterlage ist, und man den Gewichtsanteil an Pfropfästen kennt.Die neue Methode der Unverträglichkeitsbestimmung aus anomalen Zimm-Diagrammen wird an Mischungen aus Polystyrol und einem chemisch einheitlichen statistischen Äthylen/Vinylacetat-Copolymeren geschildert und auf Fraktionen von entsprechenden Pfropfcopolymeren angewandt.Die Ergebnisse der Lichtstreuung werden mit den Ergebnissen der Phasentrennung aus Trübungspunktmessungen verglichen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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