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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims: This study was performed to test the validity of different methods for determining the status of the erbB-2/HER-2 oncogene in breast cancer tissues for diagnostic use.Methods and results: Forty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas were investigated by fluorescence in situ and comparative genomic hybridization (FISH, CGH) as well as by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Dako-HercepTestTM and CB11 antibody (Ventana). Additionally, competitive-differential polymerase chain reaction (cdPCR) was performed on frozen samples to estimate gene dosage alterations of erbB-2/HER-2. Amplification was detected in 12–23% and protein overexpression in 16–68% of the cases, depending on the methodology and/or the reagent used. Perfect concordance (100%) was found between the results of cdPCR and CB11-IHC, and a 97% concordance between FISH and CB11-IHC. The concordance between Dako-HercepTestTM and CB11-IHC was 78%; seven of eight 2 + carcinomas with the Dako-HercepTestTM were classified as nonamplified using FISH.Conclusions: Our results indicate that high-level expression as well as normal erbB-2/HER-2 status of breast carcinomas can be detected reliably both by IHC and gene dosage assessment in paraffin material for diagnostic use. However, borderline results, especially those with 2 + immunopositivity, should be interpreted with caution and increased emphasis should be given to other clinical and prognostic information available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Routinely processed normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic prostatic tissue was immunohistochemically investigated with antibodies against chromogranin A and B and secretogranin II. In normal and hyperplastic prostates all three peptides were immunolocalized in scattered neuroendocrine cells situated within the glandular epithelium. In 17 prostatic carcinomas with pronounced neuroendocrine differentiation and in a case of prostatic carcinoid, chromogranin B was the major component whereas chromogranin A and secretogranin II were virtually absent in poorly differentiated (grade III) tumours. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic cancer is most likely to be associated with a poor clinical outcome; thus, chromogranin B appears to be a useful marker in the histopathological diagnosis of these neoplasms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: By means of immunohistochemistry we analysed the distribution of chromogranin A, secretogranin II and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in 16 phaeochromocytomas, twotases of combined phaeochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma and sour adrenal ganglioneuromas. Chromogranin A was found in the majority of phaeochromocytes and in mixed phaeochromocytomas-ganglioneuromas. Secretogranin II was present to a lesser degree in phaeochromocytes, but strong immunostaining was found in most ganglion cells of phaeochromocytomas, in the ganglioneuroma component of combined tumours and in adrenal ganglioneuromas. Vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in some ganglion cells of phaeochromocytomas, in the ganglioneuroma component of mixed tumours and in three of four adrenal ganglioneuromas. On semi-adjacent sections a co-localization of VIP and secretogranin II was demonstrated. These results indicate that neuronal differentiation is accompanied by an increased immunohistochemical expression of secretogranin II. Therefore, secretogranin II may be a useful marker for ganglion cell differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0165-4608
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Automated laser fluorescence sequencer ; Partial digestion ; Restriction enzyme fragment length analysis ; Asymmetrically labelled fluorescence primer ; Mycobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An automated method for the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for the differentiation of mycobacteria to the species level is described. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a sequence of the gene encoding the 65-kDa surface antigen common to all mycobacteria the product was investigated by RFLP analysis. For accurate determination of fragment sizes the asymmetrically fluorescein-labelled PCR product was partially digested with restriction site enzymes BstEII and HaeIII. The fragments obtained were analysed electrophoretically using an automated laser fluorescence DNA sequencer. Determination of fragment sizes revealed a deviation of ±1 base pair (bp; 0.6%) when compared to expected sizes. The validity of this approach was confirmed by analysing mycobacterial DNA obtained from pure cultures of Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis and alcohol-fixed smears as well as paraffin-embedded sputa of patients with culture-proven tuberculosis. Additionally a diagnostic algorithm was established by investigation of cultured M. bovis, M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin, M. avium, M. intracellulare and M. fortuitum. The method allows the identification of restriction enzyme sites which are only 40 bp apart. Partial restriction enzyme digestion of asymmetrically fluorescence-labelled PCR products will presumably lead to the discovery of new restriction enzyme sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: p53 tumour-suppressor gene ; Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) ; Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) ; Gastric cancer ; Soft tissue tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intragenic restriction site polymorphisms in amino acid residue 72 in exon 4 and a Mspl polymorphism in intron 6 of the p53 tumour suppressor gene can both serve as polymorphic markers. Probe YNZ22 (D17S5) is a highly polymorphic, variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) marker which maps to chromosome 17p13.1 where the p53 gene is located. Locus specific amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and subsequent non-isotopic single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the PCR fragments was used for the detection of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of 17p including the p53 gene locus. In combination with a PCR-based method for the analysis of the VNTR locus D17S5 using unique sequences flanking the polymorphic region of YNZ22 we investigated tumour DNA and corresponding constitutional DNA from 69 patients, including 39 patients with gastric cancer, 21 patients with osteosarcomas and 9 patients with Ewing's sarcomas. Using all three methods, 49/69 (71%) patients were informative for LOH, which revealed allelic loss in 5/39 (12.8%) gastric cancers, 1/9 (11.1%) Ewing's sarcoma, and 4/20 (20%) osteosarcomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastric cancer ; p53 tumour-suppressor gene ; Mutation spectrum ; Dietary mutagens ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The p53 tumour-suppressor gene plays an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. In an analysis of the spectrum of mutations of the p53 gene seen in 56 primary gastric carcinomas of various types and grades of differentiation, the entire coding sequence (exons 2–11) of the p53 gene was screened by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct genomic sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products. Intragenic restriction site polymorphisms and the probe YNZ22 were used for the detection of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the p53 gene locus on chromosome 17p. p53 overexpression was studied with the anti-p53 antibody CM-1. A total of 21 somatic alterations of the p53 gene were found. Twenty were base-pair substitutions, and one was an eight base-pair deletion. Six tumours with p53 mutations revealed LOH. Abnormalities in p53 expression were found in 17 tumour samples, of which 16 had gene mutations. The spectrum of mutations observed was consistent with the predicted spectrum for dietary mutagens associated with the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds, resulting in deamination of nucleic acids. Our findings suggest that p53 could be a primary target for mutations associated with dietary carcinogens in gastric carcinogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Ewing's tumour ; Translocation ; Reverse transcription ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract One consistent feature of the Ewing's tumour family is the presence of a balanced translocation involving band q12 and band q24 of chromosome 22 and chromosome 11. Recent cloning of the chromosome breakpoint regions of t(11;22)(q24;q12) Ewing's sarcoma translocation has revealed that the breakpoints were localized within the Ewing's sarcoma gene (EWS gene) on chromosome 22 and the Fli-1 gene on chromosome 11. Molecular genetic techniques can thus be applied to the detection of the t(11;22) translocation in Ewing's tumours. By reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR) 11 Ewing's tumour derived cell lines, 12 primary Ewing's tumours, and 11 tumours after treatment were analysed for the occurence of the t(11;22) translocation. Furthermore, blood and bone marrow samples from 5 patients were available for RT-PCR. In 78% of the cell lines and 91% of the primary Ewing's tumours the t(11;22) translocation was detectable by RT-PCR. In bone marrow samples from a Ewing's sarcoma patient presenting in relapse tumour cells were detected by molecular genetic analysis. Our results indicate that molecular genetic detection of the t(11;22) translocation is valuable in the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumours and will provide important information for the staging and prognosis of Ewing's tumour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Ewing-Sarkom – Translokation – PCR – Molekulargenetik ; Key words: Ewing's sarcoma – Translocation – PCR – Molecular genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Ewing's sarcomas and malignant peripheral neuroectodermal tumors (MPNTs) show very little evidence of differentiation and lack characteristic morphological features at the light-microscopic level. These malignancies have always presented a significant differential diagnostic challenge to the pathologist. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemical staining for neural antigens such as neuron-specific enolase (NSE), Leu 7, synaptophysin and, more recently, the detection of Mic-2 gene expression have been included in the routine histopathological diagnostic procedure. However, the expression of these antigens is not restricted to this entity. Thus, further modalities are required to prove diagnostic reliability. One consistent feature of the Ewing's sarcoma family is the presence of the reciprocal chromosomal t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation. Recent cloning of the t(11;22) break point has led to the identification of the genes involved in this translocation. This provides the possibility of molecular genetic detection of the t(11;22) translocation in Ewing's sarcomas and MPNTs. We have established a method using reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of the specific gene fusion transcript caused by the 11;22 translocation. The validity of our approach was proved by analyzing Ewing's tumor cell lines and tissue material obtained from primary biopsies and tumor resections. Molecular genetic detection of the 11;22 translocation by RT-PCR analysis should perhaps be included in the diagnostic work-up of suspected Ewing's sarcoma and MPNT.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Ewing-Sarkome und maligne periphere neuroektodermale Tumoren (MPNT) zeigen eine geringe Differenzierung und weisen nur wenige diagnostisch verwendbare charakteristische morphologische Eigenschaften auf lichtmikroskopischer Ebene auf. Bis heute stellen diese Tumorerkrankungen häufig ein differentialdiagnostisches Problem in der Abgrenzung zu anderen klein-, rundzelligen Tumoren dar. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen sowie der immunhistologische Nachweis von neuronalen Antigenen und dem kürzlich nachgewiesenen Mic-2-Genprodukt wurden als zusätzliche Untersuchungsmaßnahmen in die histopathologische Begutachtung aufgenommen. Dennoch ist die Expression diese Antigene nicht ausschließlich auf die Tumoren der Ewing-Familie beschränkt. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die reziproke chromosomale t(11;22)(q24;q12)-Translokation ein auf die Ewing-Tumoren beschränktes konstantes Merkmal. Durch die kürzlich erfolgte Charakterisierung der Bruchpunktregionen auf den Chromosomen 11 und 22 konnten die bei der Translokation beteiligten Gene identifiziert werden. Dieses eröffnete die Möglichkeit, den Nachweis der t(11;22)-Translokation auf molekulargenetischer Ebene zu führen. Wir haben mit Hilfe der reversen Transkription und anschließender Polymerasekettenreaktion (RT-PCR) eine Methode entwickelt, mit der durch die Translokation bedingte Genfusionsprodukte nachgewiesen werden können. Die Validität unseres Vorgehens wurde an Ewing-Sarkomen sowie Ewing-Tumorzellinien überprüft. Unsere Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, daß diese Untersuchung eine sinnvolle diagnostische Ergänzung bei der Beurteilung von Ewing-Tumoren darstellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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