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  • 1
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims  The non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem and zopiclone, which are indicated for short-term treatment of insomnia, were considered originally by physicians as almost devoid of abuse and dependence potential. Several recent publications, however, have suggested that both agents carry a significant risk of abuse. To substantiate and re-evaluate this situation, the world literature was reviewed for cases of dependence of both agents; these cases were analysed in order to identify certain underlying patterns, if evident.Methods  A systematic review based on a Medline literature search was conducted including the years 1966–2002 to assemble all available clinical case reports that were analysed for typical features of abuse and dependence according to prespecified criteria. Only case reports were of interest, and clinical studies were excluded. No limitations as to language or publication year were applied. The terms ‘zolpidem’, ‘zopiclone’ and ‘abuse’, ‘dependence’, ‘addiction’, ‘withdrawal’ and ‘intoxication’ were used to identify relevant publications. Potentially relevant citations were retrieved and assessed for inclusion independently by two authors.Results  A total of 36 cases for zolpidem were identified, most of them reported in recent years, and 22 cases for zopiclone. Both sexes were involved to a similar extent; and cases were reported in all age groups. In extreme cases, dose increases reached a factor of 30–120 above the recommended doses. The majority of patients had a history of former drug or alcohol abuse and/or other psychiatric conditions.Conclusion  On the basis of world-wide prescription numbers, which are approximately twofold higher for zolpidem (1 338 774 000 tablets from June 2001 to June 2002 in Europe, Japan and United States) than for zopiclone (664 897 000 tablets during the same period in Europe and Japan), the relative incidence of reported dependence similar for both drugs and remarkably lower than that of benzodiazepines used for the treatment of disturbed sleep. The findings offer the conclusion that zolpidem and zopiclone are relatively safe drugs. However, as both drugs are psychotropic drugs, patients with a history of abuse or dependence and those with psychiatric diseases seem to be at increased risk of abuse of these agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of oral pathology & medicine 34 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1600-0714
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Steroid injections into joints are frequently used to control symptomatic pain. Risks associated with intra-articular steroid injections are not well documented.Methods:  We report the case of a 29-year-old woman who was referred to a dental surgeon because of a suspected relationship between persisting chronic back pain and an arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).Results: The dental surgeon diagnosed capsulitis of the right TMJ and injected 40 mg triamcinolone into the joint. Within 4 months the patient developed progressive pain and trismus of the right TMJ and the intra-articular injection was repeated. An occlusal splint slightly improved the patients’ symptoms but induced crepitus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a disk dislocation in the right TMJ and severe necrosis of the condyle. The patient had persisting pain and ankylosis. Surgical restoration of the TMJ revealed a bony apposition in the fossa deformed with the socket of the joint, extensive medial erosion of the condyle and complete destruction of the disk.Conclusion:  This case report supports earlier observations that intra-articular glucocorticoid injections, if used in a wrong way, may cause severe destruction of a joint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 419 (1987), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 53 (1975), S. 523-527 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Dextran 40 ; elimination ; dosage ; hemodialysis ; bleeding ; Dextran 40 ; Elimination ; Dosierung ; Hämodialyse ; Blutungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 24 Hämodialysepatienten wurden nach einmaliger und wiederholter Gabe von Dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex®) die Dextranspiegel im Serum bestimmt und daraus die Eliminationshalbwertzeiten errechnet. Diese betrugen bei Heimdialysepatienten 2237±447 min, bei Zentrumsdialysepatienten 4283±810 min und waren damit gegenüber nierengesunden Patienten (HWZ=573±183 min) auf das Fünf- bzw. Zehnfache verlängert. Die Unterschiede zwischen Heimdialyse- und Zentrumsdialysepatienten erklären sich durch die bessere Nierenrestfunktion der ersteren. Während der Hämodialyse kam es zu keinem Abfall der Dextranspiegel i.S. Weiterhin zeigte sich, daß die exponentielle Elimination von Dextran 40 über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von 6,25 Tagen durch die intermittierende Hämodialyse nicht beeinflußt wurde. Da keine nennenswerte Ausscheidung von Dextran 40 durch die Hämodialyse erfolgt, braucht die intermittierende Hämodialyse bei der Dosierung nicht berücksichtigt zu werden. Die Dosierung von Dextran 40 hat sich jedoch streng nach der verlängerten Eliminationshalbwertzeit zu richten. Die Gabe von 2 × 50 g Dextran 40 pro Woche (2 × 500 ml 10%iges Dextran 40) kann schon nach der 4. Infusion zu Dextranspiegeln i.S. über 20 g/l und zu Blutungen führen. Um diese Komplikationen zu vermeiden, wird eine von der Nierenfunktion unabhängige Initialdosis vorgeschlagen mit einer anschließenden Erhaltungsdosis, die sich nach der Nierenfunktion richtet.
    Notes: Summary In 24 patients on regular hemodialysis the serum levels and the half-life of dextran 40 were determined after single or repeated infusion of dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex®). One group of hemodialysis trainees had a dextran 40 half-life of 2237±447 min. In contrast, a second group, consisting of hospital dialysis patients, had a dextran 40 half-life of 4283±810 min, whereas patients with normal renal function had a half-life of 573±183 min. The difference in dextran half-life between the two groups of hemodialysis patients may be explained by the better residual ronal function of our hemodialysis trainees. During hemodialysis no change in serum dextran levels could be observed. Intermittent hemodialysis, also, had no influence on the exponential elimination of dextran over a period of 6.25 days. Since hemodialysis by itself has no effect upon dextran elimination, the dosage of dextran 40 has to be adjusted to the prolonged elimination time only, disregarding dialysis. After the fourth infusion of 50 g dextran 40 (twice a week 500 ml of 10% dextran 40) serum dextran levels exceeding 20 g/l and cutaneous bleeding were observed. To avoid these complications an initial saturation dose is suggested, followed by a maintenance dose adjusted to the impaired renal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 68 (1990), S. 921-926 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Infective endocarditis ; Epidemiology ; Clinical course ; Etiology ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The clinical courses of 214 patients with infective endocarditis treated between 1958 and 1987 at the First Medical Hospital of the University of Kiel (FRG) were analyzed retrospectively. A decrease in the incidence of endocarditis occurred during the 30-year observation period. The mean age of patients was 48 years, and men were more frequently affected than women. In the course of the investigation, a rise in isolated aortic valve disease was noted, whereas the number of patients with isolated involvement of the mitral valve and combined mitral-aortic valvular defects declined. Streptococci (57%) were the most frequent pathogens isolated; as opposed to their increase, the percentages ofStaphylococcus aureus and enterococci decreased. Otolaryngological, dentogenic and urogenital diseases were most frequently held to be responsible for the development of infective endocarditis. Prior cardiosurgical interventions became increasingly significant as a cause of the disease. In this connection, a rising percentage of endocarditis cases was linked with prosthetically replaced heart valves. Complications and concomitant symptoms of endocarditis included the development of heart failure, cerebral embolism and encephalitis, splenomegaly, and renal inflammation. Finally, the marked decrease in mortality contrasted with a simultaneous rise in the number of endocarditis cases achieving full recovery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 70 (1992), S. 1073-1078 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Erythema nodosum ; Dental origin ; Dental infectious foci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The association of erythema nodosum and dental infectious foci has rarely been described in the literature. This report concerns four women who developed erythema nodosum either following dental treatment associated with gingival bleeding or due to infectious dental foci. In these cases, tooth extraction, removal of dental deposits, interrupted pulp treatment, apical periodontitis, or a relicted root were identified as causes of the development of erythema nodosum. Upon admission to the hospital, these patients also presented fever and and a maximally elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In all instances, surgical treatment of the dental foci and/or administration of antibiotics rapidly led to the regression of the erythema nodosum, as well as to the normalization of body temperature and ESR. The cases described indicate that antecedent dental treatment and the possible presence of infectious dental foci should be considered in the differential diagnosis of erythema nodosum when taking the patient's medical history. This approach may avoid unnecessary, possibly invasive diagnostic procedures and can lead to rapid improvement in the patient's clinical status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 52 (1974), S. 1111-1116 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Dextran 40 ; elimination ; renal function ; Dextran 40 ; Elimination ; Nierenfunktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 36 Patienten mit unterschiedlicher Nierenfunktion (GFR zwischen 0,5–142 ml/min) erhielten 500 ml 10%iges Dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex®). Dabei ergab sich ein relatives Verteilungsvolumen von 10,2±2,2 1/100 kg. Die Eliminationshalbwertzeiten von Dextran 40 stehen mit der Nierenfunktion (51 Cr-EDTA-Clearance) in einem Zusammenhang, der sich rechnerisch am besten durch eine Potenzfunktion darstellen läßt. Patienten mit normaler Nierenfunktion (GFR über 90 ml/min) haben eine Eliminationshalbwertzeit von 573±138 min und eine 12 Std-Recovery im Urin von 48%. Ein Glomerulusfiltrat unter 10 ml/min führt dagegen zur Verlängerung der Halbwertzeit auf das Fünffache (Dextran 40-HWZ=2591±1022 min) und zum Rückgang der 12 Std-Recovery auf 4%. Im Clearancebereich zwischen 30 und 142 ml/min bleiben Eliminationshalbwertzeit und Urinausscheidung im wesentlichen konstant. Dextran 40 kann deshalb bei diesen Patienten nach den bekannten Regeln dosiert werden. Bei glomerulären Filtrationswerten unter 30 ml/min ist jedoch mit einer gestörten Elimination zu rechnen. Aus der veränderten Dextran 40-Ausscheidung im Urin und aus den Eliminationshalbwertzeiten ergeben sich Dosierungsrichtlinien, die diskutiert und tabellarisch aufgeführt werden.
    Notes: Summary 36 patients with different renal function (GFR=0.5−142 ml/min) received 500 ml of 10% dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex®). The relative distribution volume proved to be 10.2±2.21/100 kg. Dextran 40 half life time and renal function are correlated mathematically as a power function. In patients with normal renal function (GFR〉90 ml/min) we determined a dextran 40 half life time of 573±138 min and a 12 hour urinary recovery of 48%. In contrast to that a glomerular filtration rate below 10 ml/min prolongs the half-life five times to a value of 2591±1022 min and reduces the urinary elimination to 4% per 12 hours. In patients with a clearance between 30 and 142 ml/min no essential changes of half life time and urinary elimination can be observed. To those patients dextran 40 can be applied in the common dosage. Contrary to that a glomerular filtration rate below 30 ml/min leads to a prolonged elimination and consequently a different dosage has to be applied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 56 (1978), S. 977-983 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hydroxyethyl starch ; Molecular weight ; Plasma volume ; Serum amylase ; Hydroxyäthylstärke ; Molekulargewicht ; Plasmavolumen ; Serumamylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 6 Patienten ohne Anhalt für eine Nieren-, Leber- oder Pankreaserkrankung erhielten innerhalb von 60 min 500 ml 6% Hydroxyäthylstärke 450/0,7. Während der Infusion stieg das Plasmavolumen von 2,72±0,101 auf 3,36±0,141 an, fiel in der 2. Stunde wieder auf 3,02±0,101 ab und erreichte nach der 4. Stunde einen zweiten Gipfel von 3,23±0,121 (p〈0,01). Nach 24h lag das Plasmavolumen noch 4,8% über dem Ausgangswert. Dieser „Volumenzweiteffekt“ ist nicht durch die Hydroxyäthylstärke-Gesamtkonzentration zu erklären, da diese kontinuierlich exponentiell abfiel. Mit dem erneuten Volumenanstieg nach der 4. Stunde ging eine Abnahme des Zahlenmittels004Dn und des Gewichtsmittels004Dw einher. Dies spricht dafür, daß infolge der Fraktionierung durch die Serumamylase vermehrt osmotisch aktive Hydroxyäthylstärke-Moleküle entstehen, die zu einer Zunahme des Plasmavolumens führen. 12–24h nach Infusionsbeginn stieg die Serumamylase auf über das Doppelte ihres Ausgangswertes an. Ursache dieser Hyperamylasämieist die Bildung eines Hydroxyäthylstärke-Amylase-Komplexes, der infolge seiner Größe nur schwer eliminiert wird. Um eine Volumenüberlastung zu vermeiden, muß bei mehrmaliger Infusion von Hydroxyäthylstärke der Volumenzweiteffekt berücksichtigt werden, besonders bei Patienten nit eingeschränkter kardialer Leistungsbreite.
    Notes: Summary 6 patients without evidence for renal, hepatic or pancreatic disease were treated with intravenous infusions of 500 ml hydroxyethyl starch (6%) over a period of 60 min. In the course of the infusion we observed an increase in plasma volume from 2.72±0.101 to 3.36±0.141. After 2h plasma volume decreased to 3.02±0.101 but showed a second peak of 3.23±0.121 after 4h (p〈0.01). 24h following infusion an increase in plasma volume of 4,8% was found as compared to preinfusion values. The second increase in plasma volume cannot be explained by the total concentration of hydroxyethyl starch since the latter decreased continuously. The increase in plasma volume was accompanied by a decrease in average molecular weight004Dw and004Dn. It is suggested that serum amylase produces small osmotic active molecules by degradation of hydroxyethyl starch, thus leading to an increase in plasma volume. 12–24h after the infusion of hydroxyethyl starch serum amylase was more than twice as high basal values. This is caused by the formation of a high molecular hydroxyethyl starch-amylase-complex which cannot be eliminated easily. When hydroxyethyl starch is given repeatedly to normovolemic patients, the second increase in plasma volume should be considered as a possible cause for acute hypervolemia. This is especially true for patients with myocardial insufficiency.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: rifampicin ; cirrhosis ; primary biliary cirrhosis ; enzyme induction ; hepatic drug metabolism ; bile acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) were treated with a daily oral dose of 600 mg rifampicin for 2 weeks to induce the hepatic metabolism of drugs and bile acids. On rifampicin 5 of 6 patients experienced a pronounced decrease of their pruritus. In all patients the oxidative cytochrome P-450 dependent drug metabolism was induced as shown by an increase of antipyrine-clearance from 36.3±8.8 to 80.6±20.1 ml/min and an enhanced urinary excretion of 6-β-hydroxycortisol from 454±1.99 to 1607±362 µg/24 h. Furthermore, in all 6 patients the serum alkaline phosphatase declined. In the 3 cholestatic patients (bilirubin〉1.0 mg/dl) the serum concentration of total and conjugated bile acids was strikingly reduced. Thus, rifampicin is an inducer of hepatic metabolism in PBC-patients, ameliorates the pruritus and can lower serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase and bile acids.
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