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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Merging and emerging cohorts: Not worth the wait (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 445 (2007), S. 257-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the second, Francis S. Collins and Teri A. Manolio explain their support for a new national cohort. In 2006, the United Kingdom initiated a national long-term health study of 500,000 middle-aged adults that will involve collecting DNA and other biological specimens. Further cohorts are ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/445257a
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differences in leisure-time physical activity levels between blacks and whites in population-based samples: The Minnesota heart survey (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of behavioral medicine 14 (1991), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3521
    Keywords: exertion ; health surveys ; leisure ; race
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Energy expenditure in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was measured using the Minnesota LTPA Questionnaire in 35- to 74-year-old black and white residents of Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota. Estimates of the geometric mean LTPA energy expenditure were 129 and 204 kcal per day for black and white men (p〈.05) and 91 and 123 kcal per day for black and white women (p〈.05). The percentage of individuals expending 2000 kcal or more per week in LTPA was significantly lower in black men than white men (25 vs. 35%; p=.01) but was not different in black versus white women (18 vs. 17%). Although black men and women reported greater occupational physical activity than their white counterparts, LTPA and job activity were unrelated in all race and sex groups. In both races, LTPA energy expenditure declined with age. LTPA increased with level of formal education, and the largest LTPA difference between blacks and whites was observed in those who had a high-school diploma or less. Blacks had lower participation rates than whites in most of the individually assessed physical activities. Additional research is needed on the determinants and promoters of LTPA in population subgroups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00844764
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet and risk of colon cancer in a large prospective study of older women: an analysis stratified on family history (Iowa, United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 357-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Colon cancer ; diet ; family history ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The purpose was to investigate whether dietary associations with risk of colon cancer in women differ by family history of the disease. Methods: Data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of 35,216 Iowa (United States) women aged 55 to 69 years at baseline. Through 31 December 1995, 241 colon cancers were identified through record linkage with the State Health Registry. The cohort was stratified on family history of colon cancer in first-degree relatives; nutrient intakes were divided into tertiles. Results: Analyses using Cox regression revealed that the association of most dietary components with colon cancer incidence were similar for individuals with and without a family history. However, total calcium intake was associated inversely with colon cancer among women with a negative family history (relative risk [RR]=0.50 for upper cf lower tertile, P 〈 0.001), but was unrelated to incidence for women with a positive family history (RR=1.1 for upper cf lower tertile, P=0.69). Similarly, total vitamin E intake was associated with lower risk among women with a negative family history (RR=0.67 for upper cf lower tertile, P=0.04), but not among women with a positive family history (RR=0.87 for upper cf lower tertile, P=0.67). High intakes of fiber, fruits, and vegetables were each weakly inversely associated with risk among family-history negative women, but not among family-history positive women. Conclusions: These data, if corroborated, suggest that dietary factors typically associated with lower risk may be less effective risk-reduction interventions against colon cancer for individuals with a family history of colon cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008886715597
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alcohol consumption and postmenopausal endometrial cancer: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; cohort study ; endometrial cancer ; estrogen replacement therapy ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: At least three case-control studies have examined the association between alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer; two studies showed inverse associations, and a third a positive association. To our knowledge, no prospective studies of this association have been reported. The association between alcohol and endometrial cancer was examined in the Iowa Women's Health Study (United States), a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Information on alcohol consumption and other variables was obtained through a mailed questionnaire in January 1986. Through December 1990, 167 incident endometrial cancer cases occurred in the at-risk cohort of 25,170 women. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) were computed using Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), parity, age at menopause, and noncontraceptive estrogen use, and to determine multiplicative interactions. The RRs of endometrial cancer associated with 〈4.0 and ≥4.0 g of alcohol per day compared with abstainers were 0.7 (CI=0.5–1.1) and 1.0 (CI=0.7–1.6), respectively. No statistically significant association between endometrial cancer and consumption of either beer, wine, or liquor was observed. There was no interaction between alcohol and any other endometrial cancer risk factors, including BMI or noncontraceptive estrogen use. These data do not support an association between alcohol and endometrial cancer among postmenopausal women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051334
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-dietary factors as risk factors for breast cancer, and as effect modifiers of the association of fat intake and risk of breast cancer (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; diet ; reproductive factors ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To assess more precisely the relative risks associated with established risk factors for breast cancer, and whether the association between dietary fat and breast cancer risk varies according to levels of these risk factors, we pooled primary data from six prospective studies in North America and Western Europe in which individual estimates of dietary fat intake had been obtained by validated food-frequency questionnaires. Based on information from 322,647 women among whom 4,827 cases occurred during follow-up: the multivariate-adjusted risk of late menarche (age15 years or more compared with under 12) was 0.72 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.62-0.82); of being postmenopausal was 0.82 (CI=0.69-0.97); of high parity (three or more births compared with none) was 0.72 (CI=0.61-0.86); of late age at first birth (over 30 years of age compared with 20 or under) was 1.46 (CI=1.22-1.75); of benign breast disease was 1.53 (CI=1.41-1.65); of maternal history of breast cancer was 1.38 (CI=1.14-1.67); and history of a sister with breast cancer was 1.47 (CI=1.27-1.70). Greater duration of schooling (more than high-school graduation compared with less than high-school graduation) was associated significantly with higher risk in age-adjusted analyses, but was attenuated after controlling for other risk factors. Total fat intake (adjusted for energy consumption) was not associated significantly with breast cancer risk in any strata of these non-dietary risk factors. We observed a marginally significant interaction between total fat intake and risk of breast cancer according to history of benign breast disease, with fat intake being associated nonsignificantly positively with risk among women with a previous history of benign breast disease; no other significant interactions were observed. Risks for reproductive factors were similar to those observed in case-control studies; relative risks for family history of breast cancer were lower. We found no clear evidence in any subgroups of a major relation between total energy-adjusted fat intake and breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018431104786
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 38-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Anthropometry ; colonic neoplasms ; dietary fats ; females ; lifestyle ; meat ; prospective studies ; reproduction ; sucrose ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the relation of dietary intakes of sucrose, meat, and fat, and anthropometric, lifestyle, hormonal, and reproductive factors to colon cancer incidence, data were analyzed from a prospective cohort study of 35,215 Iowa (United States) women, aged 55–69 years and without a history of cancer, who completed mailed dietary and other questionnaires in 1986. Through 1990, 212 incident cases of colon cancer were documented. Proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for age and other risk factors. Risk factors found to be associated significantly with colon cancer included: (i) sucrose-containing foods and beverages other than ice cream/milk; relative risks (RR) across the quintiles=1.00, 1.73, 1.56, 1.54, and 2.00 (95% confidence intervals [CI] for quintiles two and five exclude 1.0); (ii) sucrose; RR across the quintiles=1.00, 1.70, 1.81, 1.82, and 1.45 (CI for quintiles two through four exclude 1.0); (iii) height; RR=1.23 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend-0.02); (iv) body mass index; RR=1.41 for highest to lowest quintile (P for trend=0.03); and (v) number of livebirths, RR=1.59 for having had one to two livebirths and 1.80 for having had three or more livebirths compared with having had none (P for trend=0.04). These data support hypotheses that sucrose intake or being tall or obese increases colon cancer risk; run contrary to the hypothesis that increased parity decreases risk; support previous findings of no association with demographic factors other than age, cigarette smoking, or use of oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy; and raise questions regarding previous associations with meat, fat, protein, and physical activity.Cancer Causes and Control 1994, 5, 38–52.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830725
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difficulty becoming pregnant and family history as interactive risk factors for postmenopausal breast cancer: the Iowa Women's Health Study (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; family history ; infertility ; Iowa Women's Health Study ; nulliparity ; prospective studies ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We recently provided data from a prospective cohort study of postmenopausal women which suggested that a first livebirth at age 30 or older (cf before age 20) was associated with a twofold increased risk of breast cancer in women without a family history, but a 5.8-fold higher risk in women with a positive family history. To address the question of whether these observations reflect difficulty becoming pregnant or maintaining a pregnancy, we performed additional analyses in which the outcome of each pregnancy was considered. During five years of follow-up, 620 incident cases of breast cancer were identified in the 37,105 women at risk. There was little evidence for an increased risk associated with a history of spontaneous abortion (relative risk [RR]=1.1; 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.9–1.4), nor was the risk higher among women who reported two or more spontaneous abortions in consecutive pregnancies (RR=1.0, CI=0.7–1.4). Although women who reported that they had tried unsuccessfully to become pregnant had only slightly and nonsignificantly elevated risks of breast cancer (RR=1.1, CI=0.9–1.3), a more pronounced and statistically significant association was noted in women with a positive family history (RR=2.0, CI=1.4–3.2). There was a strong inverse association between failure to become pregnant and parity (P〈0.0001); nearly 50 percent of the nulliparous married women reported having tried and failed to become pregnant, whereas the frequency was only 6.8 percent among married women with five or more livebirths. Thus, difficulties in becoming pregnant may characterize a subset of women at increased risk of breast cancer, especially in the presence of a family history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051710
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do Type A men drink more frequently than Type B men? Findings in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of behavioral medicine 8 (1985), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3521
    Keywords: alcohol ; coronary disease ; coronary-prone behavior ; Type A pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The association between the Type A behavior pattern and self-reported alcohol intake was studied among men at high risk for coronary disease in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Two assessments of behavior pattern, the Structured Behavior Pattern Interview (SBPI) and the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), and two measures of alcohol intake were examined. Type A's consumed more alcohol (up to 30% more) than Type B's. Type A's drank more frequently than Type B's rather than more alcohol per occasion. This association was consistent for both SBPI and JAS assessments of behavior pattern and was independent of age, income, smoking, and marital status. Increased drinking frequency appears to be a concomitant of the Type A behavior pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00870310
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type A behavior and its association with cardiovascular disease prevalence in Blacks and Whites: The Minnesota heart survey (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of behavioral medicine 13 (1990), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3521
    Keywords: Black Americans ; cardiovascular disease ; Jenkins Activity Survey ; prevalence ; Type A pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Population-based surveys were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to measure the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) history and risk factors in Black and White adults. Type A behavior was measured by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). JAS scores were associated with age (negatively), education (positively), and sex (men〉women) but were largely unrelated to CHD risk factors. Blacks had significantly lower age- and education-adjusted Type A and component scores than Whites, more so formen than women. Univariate analysis indicated that a history of angina and/or heart attack was positively associated with the Type A score in both Blacks and Whites. Following adjustment for known cardiovascular risk factors, Type A score remained positively and significantly associated with CHD prevalence. These findings are consistent with other cross-sectional studies and suggest that Type A behavior, as measured by the JAS, may increase the risk of CHD in both Blacks and Whites. Follow-up of these cohorts may help to clarify the complex relationship of Type A behavior to the risk of CHD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00844896
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