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  • 1
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    Unknown
    Meisenheim, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung. 1 (1946) 173 
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 27 (1937), S. 50-57 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 31 (1978), S. 511-522 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Muscle group IV afferent units ; Muscle pain ; Chemo-nociceptors ; Mechanoreceptors ; Contraction-sensitive receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to differentiate between nociceptive group IV muscle receptors and “ergoceptive” ones, the discharges of single group IV fibres from skeletal muscle in response to local pressure, sustained stretch, repetitive contraction and intra-arterial injections of bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), potassium, phosphate, and lactate were studied in anaesthetized cats. Of the 75 fibres of the study, 5 units were activated by sustained stretch, the responses occurring with a delay. These stretch-sensitive units could not be activated by local pressure or muscular contraction. Thirteen group IV afferents raised their discharge frequency during repetitive contractions. Some of the units responded immediately with the onset of the contractions, whereas the others showed a pronounced delay. Forty-six units were tested with all or most of the above mechanical and chemical stimuli. In 32 afferents a response to at least one of the stimuli was present. Taking only these units into account, several groups of receptors could be distinguished by their different response combinations. One group was activated by pain-producing substances, but not by muscular activity and thus showed nociceptive properties. Another group showed a raised activity during muscular contractions but did not respond to the algesic agents bradykinin and 5-HT. Units belonging to this group might serve as “ergoceptors”. The borderline between the two groups was not sharp, a considerable number of group IV afferents was found which had both nociceptive and “ergoceptive” properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Manuelle Medizin 37 (1999), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1433-0466
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Electrical engineering 34 (1940), S. 568-581 
    ISSN: 1432-0487
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verwendung von Schleifdrähten mit vollkommen gleicher Zeitkonstante als untere Brückenzweige ermöglichte es, eine Verlustwinkelmeßbrücke nach dem Schering-Prinzip zu entwickeln, bei der die Einwirkung der Zeitkonstantenänderung auf den Verlustwinkel, die infolge der Verstellung vonR 3 auftritt, vermieden wird. Durch einen zweiten Abgriff anR 3 wurde erreicht, daß der Widerstand, der sich sonst mit der Prüfkapazität in Reihe schalten und so einen größeren Verlustwinkel vortäuschen würde, kurzgeschlossen wird. Der Einfluß der Störkapazitäten, die sich parallel zu den unteren Brückenzweigen legen, wird durch Anwendung der doppelten Abschirmung und Kompensation der Störkapazität parallelR 4 mittels astatischer Gegeninduktivität beseitigt. Hierdurch wird bewirkt, daß ein Hilfszweig nach K. W. Wagner nicht benötigt wird. Bei dem neuen Aufbau der Mauschen Brücke wurde in den Nullzweig ein Übertrager gelegt, um eine bessere Anpassung an den hohen Innenwiderstand der Brücke zu erreichen. Ein Meßbereichschalter in der Hilfsbrücke ermöglicht die Messung von Prüfkapazitäten vom 1/60 fachen bis zum6fachen Betrag des Vergleichskondensators. Im dritten Brückenzweig wurde der Widerstand, der zum Abgleich des tgδ dient, vor den verlustlosen Kondensator gelegt. Hierdurch wird der Einfluß der Verlustkapazität, die sich vom Verbindungspunkt Widerstand—Normalkapazität nach Erde hin legt, vernachlässigbar klein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 181 (1990), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Structure-function relationship ; Intracellular injection ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Primary afferent neurones ; Spinal cord neurones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The review deals with structure-function relationships in primary afferent and spinal cord neurones that were intracellularly injected with a marker substance (mostly HRP) after physiological identification. At the level of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, there is a significant correlation between soma size and conduction velocity (or diameter) of the afferent fibre for most subpopulations of DRG cells, but the scatter of data is considerable, so that the size of a DRG cell soma cannot be predicted from the diameter of its axon or vice versa. The spinal terminations of primary afferent fibres are the best example of a relationship between structure and function, since most of the afferent units possess characteristic patterns of spinal arborization, e.g. the “flame-shaped arbors” of hair follicle afferents in lamina III of the dorsal horn, or the projection of nociceptive afferents onto lamina I. The morphological features of spinal cord neurones can be used only to a limited extent for functional identification. Thus, many SCT neurones can be recognized by their triangular dendritic tree and STT cells in lamina VII/VIII by their dendritic projection into the white matter. It is still not possible, however, to distinguish a nociceptive STT cell from a low-threshold mechanoreceptive one on the basis of morphological criteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 189 (1994), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Dorsal root ganglion ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Neuropeptides ; Structure-function relationship ; Nociceptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In anaesthetized rats, intracellular recordings were made from the somata of lumbar (L4 and L5) dorsal root ganglion cells. The impaled afferent units were first functionally classified by testing the peripheral receptive endings with mechanical stimuli and then iontophoretically injected with a fluorescent dye. Serial sections of the dorsal root ganglion containing the injected soma were incubated with an antibody solution against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Somata displaying calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) possessed receptive endings in the skin and deep somatic tissues (muscle, fascia, tendon, joint). The majority of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) neurones had conduction velocities below 2.5 m/s; only a few neurones conducted faster than 10 m/s. The immunostained somata were small to mediumsized (cross-sectional area 〈 1200 μm2). With one exeption, CGRP-IR was found in all types of ending studied, but the proportion of CGRP-ir neurones differed. Immunostained somata were rare among cutaneous and deep low-threshold mechanosensitive units (e.g. hair follicle and muscle spindle units). CGRP-ir somata were most frequent among high-threshold mechanosensitive (presumably nociceptive) afferent neurones (four out of six cells). The data suggest that CGRP can be expressed not only in nociceptive but also in many other types of primary afferent neurone, the condition being that the conduction velocity is slow and/or the cell soma small.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 57 (1998), S. S23 
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Key words Fibromyalgia pain ; descending antinociception ; dorsal horn neurons ; spinal cord block ; Schlüsselwörter ; Fibromyalgie-Schmerzen ; deszendierende Antinozizeption ; Hinterhornneurone ; Kälteblock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Hypothese wird diskutiert, daß Fibromyalgie-Schmerzen durch eine Dysfunktion des deszendierenden, antinozizeptiven Systems (mit)verursacht sind. Ergebnisse aus Tierexperimenten zeigen, daß eine Unterbrechung des Systems durch Kühlung des Rückenmarks folgende Wirkungen auf nozizeptive Hinterhornneurone hat: 1. Anstieg der Ruheaktivität, 2. Senkung der mechanischen Reizschwelle, und 3. verstärkte Antworten auf Schmerzreize. Die Wirkung der deszendierenden Antinozizeption auf die Reizeffekte von tiefen Nozizeptoren war stärker als die Wirkung auf die Effekte von Nozizeptoren der Haut. Falls ähnliche Effekte auch bei Patienten auftreten, ist zu erwarten, daß eine Störung der deszendierenden Antinozizeption folgende Symptomebewirkt: 1.Spontanschmerzen (Ruheaktivität), 2. Druckschmerzhaftigkeit (Senkung der Schwelle) und 3. Hyperalgesie (verstärkte Antworten auf Schmerzreize). Die Änderungen sollten vorwiegend Schmerzen aus tiefen Geweben betreffen, da die deszendierende Antinozizeption hauptsächlich auf Reizeffekte von tiefen Nozizeptoren wirkt.
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis is discussed that a dysfunction of the descending antinociceptive system may underly the pain of fibromyalgia. Data from animal experimentation show that an interruption of the system by spinal cord cooling leads to (1) increase in ongoing activity, (2) lowering in stimulation threshold, and (3) increase in response magnitude in nociceptive dorsal horn neurons. The influence of the descending system was stronger on the responses to input from deep nociceptors than to input from cutaneous nociceptors. If similar changes occur also in patients, an impairment of the tonicly active descending system should be followed by (1) spontaneous pain (ongoing activity), (2) tenderness (lowering in mechanical threshold), and (3) hyperalgesia (increased responses to noxious stimuli). These changes should affect mainly deep pain, because the antinociceptive system influences predominantly input from deep nociceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Inflammation research 25 (1988), S. 210-213 
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Infiltration of the rat gastrocnemius-soleus (GS) muscle with carrageenan induced a myositis which was characterized histologically by an accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes around capillaries and small arterioles. In chloralose-anaesthetized cats having an inflamed GS-muscle, the discharge behaviour of single muscle receptors with group III and IV afferent fibres was recorded. Concerning background activity, only group III receptors showed a significant increase, whereas a significant lowering in mechanical threshold was present only among group IV receptors. Both high- and low-threshold mechanosensitive receptors showed signs of a sensitization. In contrast to group IV receptors in the cat, rat group IV receptors showed a significantly higher level of background activity in inflamed muscle but no increased responsiveness to mechanical stimuli. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) influenced only some of the receptors in the inflamed tissue. Leukotriene D4 did not act as a sensitizing substance but depressed the activity of group IV muscle receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Inflammation ; Muscle pain ; Slowly conducting muscle afferents ; Sensitization ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized rats, the influence of an experimental inflammation and of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the discharge properties of muscle receptors with slowly conducting afferent fibres was studied using a single-fibre recording technique. Following the induction of a myositis with carrageenan, the proportion of units having background activity and the frequency of the background discharge were significantly increased. The latter change was particularly prominent in high-threshold mechanosensitive (HTM) units. There was evidence for an inflammation-induced lowering of mechanical threshold in HTM units, but the change was not statistically significant. Administration of ASA intravenously led to a decrease in the frequency of background discharge in some units while others were unaffected, although they appeared to be sensitized by the inflammation. If one assumes that at least some of the HTM receptors fulfil nociceptive functions, the results suggest that the pain and tenderness of an inflamed muscle is largely due to a sensitization and hence increased activity of nociceptive muscle receptors. The sensitization is only partially abolished by ASA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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