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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 19 (1972), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— We describe a method for the fluorometric determination of 5-hydroxyindoles in the physiological range of 0.010–1.30 μg/ml of whole blood by means of an autoanalytical procedure. Serotonin is dialysed free from haemolysed blood constituents and a complex between 5-HT and o-phthaldialdehyde is formed in the dialysand to provide a considerable increase over the native fluorescence of 5-HT in strong acid. The method has been evaluated and considered to be accurate for the continuous monitoring of levels of 5-HT in whole blood and for the determination of cerebral arteriovenous differences. The range of values for human patients with cerebrovascular disease was 0.09–0.34 μg/ml of whole blood. In experimental studies on the baboon the range was 0.538–1.28 μg/ml. A mean positive cerebral arteriovenous difference for 5-HT (and possibly other 5-hydroxyindoles) of 0.037 μg/ml was measured in 10 baboons. This finding suggests the possibility of physiological movement of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoles into brain across the blood-brain barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The concentrations of essential amino acids in three, undigested invertebrate diets collected from the Clark Fork River (CFR) for cutthroat trout were similar to each other, but were c. 25–75% less than Artemia that were exposed to a mixture of arsenic, copper, cadmium, lead and zinc in the laboratory. The Artemia diet appeared less palatable and the texture, quantity and appearance of the intestinal contents differed between fish fed the Artemia and CFR diets. The Pb% in the fluid fraction of the intestinal contents was greater for the Artemia (29%) than for the CFR diets (10–17%), and the Cu% in the amino acid plus metal fraction of the intestinal contents was greater for the Artemia (78%) than for two of the three CFR diets (67% and 70%). Intestinal contents of fish fed invertebrate diets collected from various sites on the Coeur d'Alene River (CDA), Idaho, were similar in texture, quantity, and appearance. For fish fed the CDA diets, differences in the distribution of metals among fractions of the digestive fluids appeared to be related to concentrations of metals in the invertebrate diets. Pb% was lowest of all metals in the fluid portion of the intestinal contents. However, 〉80% of all metals in the hind gut were associated with the particulate fraction where they may still be available for uptake through pinocytosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; Triazolopyridazines ; Corticosterone ; Anxiety ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fifteen minute exposure to a novel environment plus 120 dB sound stimulation produced a three-fold increase in serum corticosterone concentrations in rats. A low dose of intraperitoneally (IP) administered chlordiazepoxide (CDP) (5 mg/kg) attenuated this response, whereas a higher dose (20 mg/kg) elevated corticosterone concentrations in rats not subjected to sound stress. Parallel results were obtained after intracerebroventricular (ICV) drug administration, with a low dose of CDP (5 μg) reducing the sound stress response and higher doses (25 and 50 μg) increasing corticosterone concentrations in unstressed animals. Thus, despite the presence of benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptors at every level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, it appears that BDZs alter the activity of this system via an interaction with BDZ receptors in brain. CL 218,872 (2.5–20 mg/kg), a novel non-BDZ anxiolytic compound, did not attenuate the corticosterone elevation produced by sound stimulation, and also failed to alter baseline corticosterone concentrations in unstressed animals. The fact that CL 218,872 is a selective agonist for brain Type I BDZ receptors suggests that BDZs are not influencing corticosterone secretion through an interaction with this BDZ receptor subtype. Furthermore, these results indicate that stress (as measured by pituitary-adrenocortical activation) can be dissociated from anxiety (as measured by conflict paradigms), thus challenging the validity of the corticosteroid stress test as a screening procedure for anxiolytic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebral blood flow ; Computed tomography ; Partition coefficients ; Xenon contrast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Methods are described for non-invasive, computer-assisted serial scanning throghout the human brain during eight minutes of inhalation of 27%–30% Xenon gas in order to measure local cerebral blood flow (LCBF). Optimized Xenonenhanced computed tomography (XeCT) was achieved by 5-second scanning at one-minute intervals utilizing a state-of-the-art CT scanner and rapid delivery of Xenon gas via a face mask. Values for local brain-blood partition coefficients (Lλ) measured in vivo were utilized to calculate LCBF values. Previous methods assumed Lλ values to be normal, introducing the risk of systematic errors, because Lλ values differ throughout normal brain and may be altered by disease. Color-coded maps of Lλ and LCBF values were formatted directly onto CT images for exact correlation of function with anatomic and pathologic observations (spatial resolution: 26.5 cubic mm). Results were compared among eight normal volunteers, aged between 50 and 88 years. Mean cortical gray matter blood flow was 46.3±7.7, for subcortical gray matter was 50.3±13.2 and for white matter was 18.8±3.2. Modern CT scanners provide stability, improved signal to noise ratio and minimal radiation scatter. Combining these advantages with rapid Xenon saturation of the blood provides correlations of Lλ and LCBF with images of normal and abnormal brain in a safe, useful and non-invasive manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebral blood flow ; Partition coefficient ; Computed tomography ; Stable xenon ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Results of measurements of LCBF and Lλ values utilizing optimal CT-CBF methods under resting conditions are reported among thirty-two neurologically normal volunteers aged between 20 and 88 years. Measurements were made during inhalation of 26–30% stable xenon gas for 8 min and serial scanning utilizing a state-of the-art CT scanner with both eyes closed and ears unplugged. LCBF values for cortical gray matter were lowest in occipital cortex and highest in frontal cortex. Gray matter flow values were also high in subcortical structures with highest values measured in the thalamus. For white matter, highest flow values were measured in the internal capsule. Changes in LCBF and Lλ values were analyzed with respect to advancing age. Significant age-related declines in LCBF values were observed in occipital cortex and frontal white matter. Significant age-related increases in Lλ values were measured in frontal and temporal cortex, caudate nucleus and thalamus. Possible explanations are offered for these age-related increases in Lλ values for gray matter, such as accumulation of lipofuscin in neurons and relative compacting of gray matter with advancing age. The latter increases the numbers of nerve cells sampled per volume of gray matter measured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le flux sanguin cérébral régional, le flux sanguin hémisphérique, le flux sanguin extracrânien et le volume sanguin cérébral régional ont été mesurés chez une série de malades á l'aide de la gamma-caméra munie d'un système de bandes magnétiques pour enregistrement et relecture. Cette méthode élimine la nécessité de multiples essais pour mesurer ces paramètres. Le 133Xe et le 99mTc injectés dans les artères carotides servent d'indicateurs radio-actifs. Ces mesures ont été effectuées chez des patients atteints de ramollissement cérébral, d'hématome intracérébral, de tumeur cérébrale, de malformation artério-veineuse et de démence. Les valeurs du flux sanguin cérébral hémisphérique correspondaient á celles obtenues par la technique de l'embol á hydrogène. Les effets d'inhalateurs de CO2 á 5%, de perfusions intraveineuses de Glycérol et de vaso-dilatateurs sur le flux cérébral régional ont été déterminés et trouvés intéressants pour le point de vue diagnostique et thérapeutique. Des dérivations de sang ont été trouvées chez des malades atteints de lésions expansives (hématomes et tumeurs). Dans le cas de thrombose de la carotide interne, les mesures montrent une augmentation du glux sanguin cérébral régional lorsqu'une intervention par bypass est mise en oeuvre.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Nach Injektion von Xe 133 und Tc 99m in die A. carotis wurden der regionale cerebrale Blutdurchfluß und der Hemisphärenblutdurchfluß mit der Gamma-Camera bestimmt. Dabei konnten die gleichen Ergebnisse wie mit den übrigen punktförmigen Messungen nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), hemispheric blood flow (HBF), extracranial blood flow, and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) have been measured in a series of patients using a gamma camera equipped with a magnetic tape system for storage and retrieval. This method eliminates the need for multiple probes in measuring these parameters. 133Xe and 99m Tc injected into the carotid arteries were used as radioactive indicators. These measurements were carried out in patients with cerebral infarction, intracerebral hematoma, brain tumor, arteriovenous malformation, and dementia. The HBF values obtained with this method were in excellent agreement with those using the hydrogen bolus method in the same patients. The effects of 5% CO2 inhalation, intravenous infusion of glycerol, and vasodilator drugs on rCBF and rCBV were evaluated and were found useful from diagnostic and therapeutic points of view. “Intracerebral steal” or “intracerebral squeeze” were demonstrated only in patients with space-occupying lesions such as intracerebral hematoma or brain tumor. Cerebral revascularization using a recently developed intracranial bypass procedure for the occluded internal carotid artery was found effective in increasing rCBF in selected cases where the procedure was successful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 6 (1974), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mesures du flux sanguin cérébral régional au repos et après technique d'activation furent associées à la sério-angiographie cérébrale chez des malades présentant une hémorragie méningée due à une rupture anévrysmale. Une telle étude était utile dans le choix et l'évaluation de l'efficacité du traitement des facteurs d'aggravation tels que les spasmes cérébraux, l'oedème cérébral, l'hydrocéphalie aigüe et chronique et l'hématome intracébr'ebral. Les valeurs du flux sanguin cérébral régional trouvées furent plus faibles chez des malades après hémorragie méningée, en rapport tant avec l'état neurologique qu'avec les facteurs aggravants mentionnés ci-dessus. Lorsque le spasme vasculaire était levé par la Phénoxybenzamine, le flux sanguin cérébral régional était constant bien que le volume sanguin cérébral régional augmentait, suggérant que d'autres facteurs peuvent être plus importants pour la réduction du flux sanguin céréphalie communiquante. Lorsqu'on traitait l'oedème cérébral et l'hydrocéphalie aigüe soit par Glycerol intra-veineux, soit par drainage lombaire du liquide céphalorachidien, le flux sanguin cérébral régional augmentait.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ausführliche Untersuchungen des CBF in Kombination mit der Serien-Angiographie bei Patienten mit einer Subarachnoideal-Blutung. Dabei sollten die Komplikationsfaktoren, wie Gefäßspasmus, Hirnödem, akuter und chronischer Hydrocephalus, intracerebrales Haematom, bestimmt werden. Der regionale Hirndurchflußwert war bei allen Patienten nach einer Subarachnoideal-Blutung reduziert. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß das Hirnödem und der Hydrocephalus eine besondere Bedeutung für die Reduktion des CBF haben. Nach der Behandlung dieser Komplikationen kam es zu einem Anstieg der Hirndurchblutung.
    Notes: Summary Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements in the steady state and after activation techniques were combined with serial cerebral arteriography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured aneurysm. Such information was useful in selecting and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment for complicating factors such as cerebral vasospasm, cerebral edema, acute and chronic hydrocephalus and intracerebral hematoma. Regional cerebral blood flow values were found to be reduced in patients after SAH and correlated well with the neurological status and the complicating factors listed above. When vasospasm was relieved by phenoxybenzamine (PBZ), rCBF did not increase although regional cerebral blood volume did, suggesting that other factors may be more important for the reduction of rCBF such as cerebral edema and communicating hydrocephalus. When cerebral edema and acute hydrocephalus were treated by either intravenous glycerol or lumbar cerebrospinal fluid drainage, RCBF increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Autonomic dysfunction ; cerebral blood flow ; Cluster headache ; Migraine ; Spreading cortical depression ; Xe CT-CBF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary High-resolution, color-coded images of local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) were made utilizing stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography among patients with common migraine (n=18), classic migraine (n=12) and cluster headache (n=5). During spontaneously occurring headache in common and classic migraine patients, LCBF values for cerebral cortex and subcortical gray and white matter were diffusely increased by 20–40% with the exception of the occipital lobes. LCBF increases involved both hemispheres whether the head pain was unilateral or bilateral. No significant differences were noted in the degree or pattern of LCBF increases during headaches of common and classic migraineurs. Similar cerebral hyperperfusion of greater magnitude was observed during cluster headaches but was more prominent on the side of the head pain. Present observations do not support the hypothesis of spreading cortical depression as a cause of classic migraine. From a hemodynamic viewpoint, LCBF increases during headaches of common or classic migraine or cluster appear similar. Evidence is adduced that sympathetic hypofunction with denervation hypersensitivity of cerebral vessels plays a role in the cerebral hyperperfusion of migraine headaches. More pronounced unilateral autonomic derangements appear to account for the symptoms and cerebral hyperperfusion associated with cluster headaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 196 (1962), S. 901-902 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the investigation reported here we attempted to determine whether the adult human optic nerve contains an antigen common to the brain, cerebellum and spinal cord. Since the brain antigen which causes experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is tissue and not species specific4, we felt justified ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit elektromagnetischen Strömungsmessern wurde der Blutdurchfluß während akuter intrakranieller Drucksteigerung in den freigelegten Aa. carotides und vertebrales von Affen gemessen. Gleichzeitig wurden die Druckwerte in den einzelnen Schädelhöhlen, Blutdruck, CO2-Konzentration in der Atmungsluft und Atembewegungen registriert. Ein lokalisierter raumfordernder Prozeß führt zu verschiedenen Druckwerten in den einzelnen intrakraniellen Abschnitten. Während der Aufblähung eines supratentoriellen Ballons besteht in der Regel ein Druckgefälle im Subduralraum von der ipsi- zur kontralateralen Großhirnhemisphäre und vom supra- zum infratentoriellen Raum, während bei einem infratentoriellen raumfordernden Prozeß der Druck über beiden Großhirnhemisphären gleichmäßiger ansteigt. Entsprechend den verschiedenen arteriovenösen Druckdifferenzen in den einzelnen Hirnabschnitten ist auch der Blutdruckfluß in den großen Hirnarterien verschienden. Die arteriovenösen Druckdifferenzen werden durch Lage und Ausdehnung des raumfordernden Prozesses mitbeeinflußt. Durch eine Verlagerung der Hirnsubstanz wird eine zusätzliche Drosselung der Hirndurchblutung infolge Abklemmung von Brückenvenen verursacht, die bei gleichmäßiger Druckerhöhung ohne Massenverschiebung weniger ins Gewicht fällt. Die experimentellen Resultate deuten darauf hin, daß die für die Größe der Hirndurchblutung wichtige Blutdruckerhöhung während akuter Hirndrucksteigerung eher eine Folge axialer Hirnstammtorsionen als einer allgemeinen Ischämie im infratentoriellen Raum ist. Außerdem spielen Stoffwechselfaktoren, namentlich die Anreicherung von CO2 während Atemstörungen, eine Rolle. Die Hirndurchblutung während akuter intrakranieller Drucksteigerungen durch einen lokalisierten raumfordernden Prozeß wird deshalb nicht durch einen einzelnen Faktor allein, sondern durch das Zusammenspiel verschiedener anatomischer, hämodynamischer und metabolischer Faktoren bestimmt. Bei fehlender Massenverschiebung ist die Korrelation zwischen Blutdruck, resp. arteriovenöser Druckdifferenz und Hirndurchblutung deshalb wesentlich besser als beim Vorliegen von Massenverschiebungen.
    Abstract: Résumé On a mesuré le flux sanguin lors d'une augmentation aiguë de la tension intracrânienne au moyen d'un appareil électromagnétique (flow meter) dans les carotides et artères vertébrales de singes. Simultanément on a enregistré les tensions dans les différentes cavités crâniennes, la tension artérielle, la concentration du CO2 dans l'air respiré et les mouvements respiratoires. Lors du gonflement d'un ballon supratentoriel on trouve en général une chute de tension dans l'espace sous-dural entre l'hémisphère ipsilatérale et la contralatérale, ou entre l'espace supra-tentoriel et infratentoriel. Un processus infratentoriel augmente la tension au-dessus des deux hémisphères d'une façon plus régulière. La variation du flux sanguin dans les grandes artères cérébrales correspond aux différentes variations de tension artérioveineuses. Celles-ci sont entre autre influencées par la localisation et l'ampleur de la tumeur. Un déplacement de substance cérébrale accentue la diminution du flux sanguin par un rétrécissement des veines cérébrales. Ce phénomène est moins net lors d'une augmentation régulière de la tension sans déplacement de masse cérébrale. Les résultats des expériences démontrent les faits suivants: s'il y a une augmentation aigüe de la tension intracrânienne, la torsion axiale du tronc cérébral est bien importante pour l'élévation de la tension artérielle (déterminant le flux sanguin), qu'une ischémie générale de l'espace infratentoriel. Des facteurs métaboliques, surtout l'augmentation du CO2 lors de troubles respiratoires, ont également une certaine influence. Dans l'accroissement aigu de la tension intracrânienne par une tumeur circonscrite, le flux sanguin cérébral n'est donc pas déterminé par un seul facteur, mais par une combinaison de différents éléments anatomiques, hémodynamiques et métaboliques. C'est pourquoi la corrélation entre tension artérielle et flux sanguin cérébral est nettement meilleure, lorsqu'il n'y a pas de déplacement de substance cérébrale.
    Notes: Conclusions and summary 1. In acute intracranial hypertension produced by localised masses in the supratentorial space, carotid and vertebral flow are influenced by complex anatomical, hemodynamic and metabolic factors. The most important factors are: the site of the mass which influences different pressure gradients, the mean blood pressure and the a-v pressure difference. The height of the intracranial pressure itself seems less important. No threshold was found for a level of intracranial pressure at which cerebral blood flow decreased. There was also no threshold for a-v pressure difference. 2. The rise in blood pressure during acute intracranial hypertension seems to be dependent on pressure gradients developed between different intracranial cavities rather than due to diffuse ischemia of the medulla. It is postulated that the factor responsible for the rise in blood pressure during intracranial hypertension is distortion of the brain stem.
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