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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 87 (1991), S. 402-406 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Transcranial stimulation ; Motor cortex ; Neck ; Corticospinal tract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cortical projections to neck muscle motoneurons were studied in normal subjects by electrical and magnetic transcranial brain stimulation. After magnetic stimulation with a large coil, motor evoked potentials were present in about 20% of relaxed and 100% of contracting neck muscles. The latency of these responses was short: about 7 ms in the sternomastoid and splenius and 9 ms in the trapezius muscles. Subtraction of the M-wave latency after stimulation of the accessory nerve at the skull base resulted in a central latency of about 4.5 ms. We suggest that rapid cortical projections connect with neck muscle motoneurons mono or disynaptically. The latency difference between the responses after electrical and magnetic stimulation was smaller in neck than in limb muscles but similar to that seen in masticatory muscles. A small magnetic coil was used to study the pattern of functional lateralization of cortical projections to neck muscle motoneurons; the projections for the sternomastoid and splenius are bilateral but predominantly contralateral, whereas those for the trapezius are exclusively contralateral.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Transcranial stimulation ; Movement ; Motor cortex ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied in humans the effects of transcranial stimulation of cortical motor areas on the execution of single and sequential rapid arm movements. In a reaction time paradigm with an auditory “go” signal, stimulation given after an auditory tone and before the start of movements delayed the onset but did not affect the subsequent performance of single or sequential movements; high intensities of cortical stimulation determined a long-lasting inhibition of movements. Cortical stimulation given during the execution of a sequential movement temporarily interrupted the movements. Reaction time was not prolonged and movements were not inhibited when cortical stimulation was delivered before the auditory tone and the start of movement. Neither electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tracts at the cervico medullary junction nor magnetic stimulation of the cervical roots delayed the onset or interrupted the execution of movements. Transcranial stimulation affects the performance of both single and sequential movements, through cortical mechanisms that interfere with the transfer of the motor program from other cortical structures to the motor cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 128 (1999), S. 390-396 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic stimulation ; Silent period ; Handedness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We performed transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in 22 left-handed and 25 right-handed subjects during active contraction of a small hand muscle. Motor evoked potentials had the same latency, amplitude and threshold on both sides of the body, whilst the silent period duration was shorter in the dominant hand. Silent periods elicited by nerve and brainstem stimulation were the same in both hands. Since the latter part of the cortical silent period is due mainly to withdrawal of corticospinal input to spinal motoneurones, we speculate that the results are compatible with the suggestion that tonic contractions of the non-dominant hand are associated with a greater involvement of the corticospinal tract than those of the dominant hand. It also seems likely that there is an asymmetry in the excitability of cortical inhibitory mechanisms with those responsible for the cortical silent period being less excitable in the dominant motor cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 18 (1983), S. 1466-1472 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A variable radius of curvature strain bending apparatus has been used to investigate the propagation of surface crazes in polycarbonate exposed to a series of normal hydrocarbons fromn-hexane ton-dodecane. In all cases it was found that for crazes growing in a zone free of other crazes, the growth rate was linear at constant temperature, and exponentially dependent upon temperature. An activated-state theory was developed to describe the kinetics of growth in terms of two parameters,B, a dimensionless strain constant which was independent of both the test variables and the crazing agent used, andA′ a characteristic growth rate parameter that varied exponentially with temperature whereA′=G0 exp —ΔE G/RT. The rate constantG 0 and the activation energy ΔE G correlate with the square of the difference between the solubility parameters of the crazing agent and polycarbonate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Botulinum toxin ; dystonia ; hemifacial spasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario In 6 centri facenti parte del Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dei Disturbi del Movimento è stata valutata l'efficacia della somministrazione di tossina botulinica A in 251 pazienti affetti da distonia focale e da spasmo del facciale. Nei pazienti con blefarospasmo, la percentuale media di miglioramento osservata è compresa tra il 66 e l'81%, mentre nei pazienti con torcicollo varia tra il 40% e il 51%. Nei pazienti affetti da spasmo del facciale la percentuale media di miglioramento è compresa tra il 73% e l'81%. Buoni risultati sono stati ottenuti anche nella terapia di distonie focali meno frequenti, come la distonia oromandibolare e laringea e il crampo dello scrivano. Gli effetti collaterali osservati sono risultati generalmente lievi, locali e transitori. Lo studio conferma quindi l'utilità della tossina botulinica nella terapia sintomatica delle distonie focali e nello spasmo del facciale.
    Notes: Abstract In six Centers belonging to the Italian Movement Disorder Study Group, the efficacy of botulinum toxin treatment was evaluated in an open collaborative study in 251 patients with focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm. The percentage of functional improvement ranged from 66% to 81% in patients with blepharospasm, from 40% to 51% in patients with spasmodic torticollis and from 73% to 81% in those with hemifacial spasm. Good results were also obtained in patients with oromandibular dystonia, laryngeal dystonia and writer's cramp. Side effects were mild and transient. Local botulinum toxin injection is the first choice symptomatic treatment in focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1590-3478
    Keywords: Movement disorders ; Botulinum toxin ; Treatment ; dystonia ; spasticity ; tremor ; cramps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Dalla sua introduzione nei primi anni '80, l'uso della tossina botulina ha prodotto un sensibile miglioramento della qualità della vita dei pazienti affetti da disordini del movimento. La sua azione bloccante la trasmissione neuromuscolare ha consentito il trattamento sintomatico di quelle condizioni cliniche caratterizzate da eccessiva attività muscolare. Nonostante la relativa sicurezza dei dosaggi impiegati e l'assenza di effetti collaterali irreversibili l'adeguato uso della tossina botulinica nei disordini del movimento dipende da conoscenze specifiche di farmacologia clinica e di anatomia normale funzionale dei distretti da infiltrare. Inoltre, per il trattamento di patologie più rare o complesse, come ad esempio la disfonia spasmodica, si rendono necessari un approccio interdisciplinare e speciali tecniche di somministrazione. In questo articolo vengono presentate le principali indicazioni alla terapia con tossina botulinica dei disordini del movimento redatte dal Gruppo di Studio per i Disordini del Movimento della S. I. N. Sono inoltre esposti i principali tipi di tossina disponibili sul mercato italiano, le modalità di uso e somministrazione nonché le nozioni di addestramento per il personale medico che intenda attuare tali terapie.
    Notes: Abstract Since its introduction in the early '80s the use of botulinum toxin has improved the quality of life of the patients affected by movement disorders. Toxin's neuromuscular blocking action allows a symptomatic treatment of those clinical conditions characterised by excessive muscular activity. Although the dosages used are safe and the side-effects are reversible, a correct use of botulinum toxin depends on the knowledge of its clinical pharmacology and of the anatomy of the body segments to be injected. In addition, the treatment of more complex conditions, i.e. laringeal dystonia, imposes an inter-disciplinary approach and specialised injection techniques. In this review, the Italian Study Group on Movement Disorders presents the consensus guidelines for the therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in movement disorders. The main toxin types, their use and administration modalities, and the training guidelines will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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