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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feasibility of infrared imaging arrays using high-Tc superconducting bolometers (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 2491-2498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The design of high-Tc superconducting bolometers for applications such as infrared imaging arrays is discussed. The dependence of bolometer sensitivity on excess voltage noise in the thermometer is a function of the detector area and thus of the wavelength to be detected. Measurements of the voltage noise in thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−δ on Si, Si3N4, and sapphire substrates are used to predict the performance of different bolometer architectures. Useful opportunities exist for bolometers made on both Si and Si3N4 membranes. A readout scheme for two-dimensional arrays of bolometers is also described in which real-time signal integration is performed on the chip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351063
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitive bolometers using high-Tc superconducting thermometers for wavelengths 20–300 μm (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4251-4253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two types of sensitive high-Tc bolometer have been fabricated on 20-μm-thick sapphire substrates with YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin film transition edge thermometers. The sensitivity of both devices is superior to commercially available, room temperature pyroelectric detectors. A 1×1 mm bolometer with a radiation absorber of gold black smoke has a noise equivalent power NEP=2.4×10−11 W/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz and has useful sensitivity over wavelengths 20–100 μm. A 3×3 mm bolometer with a Bi film radiation absorber has NEP=3.6×10−10 W/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz and has useful sensitivity over wavelengths 100–300 μm. Water vapor transmittance spectra were measured to demonstrate the sensitivity of both devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354435
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of deuterium with ion-irradiated SiO2 on Si (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 4064-4071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interactions of deuterium with ion-irradiated SiO2 on Si were investigated during annealing in D2 gas and vacuum over the temperature range 373–1273 K. The uptake and release of D by the oxide layer were monitored using the ion-induced nuclear reaction D(3He,p)4He. Results were analyzed in terms of a new mathematical model which describes the diffusion of atomic D and molecular D2 in conjunction with trapping at irradiation defects via SiD and OD bonding. The combined body of experimental data on release is quantitatively described by the model using fitted binding enthalpies of 2.8 eV for the Si-D interaction and 3.2 eV for the O-D coupling. The model predicts a relationship between the activation barriers for trapping and detrapping which is in semiquantitative agreement with the experimental data on uptake. The same relationship is obeyed by independently reported results on the hydrogen passivation and reactivation of Si-dangling-bond defects at the SiO2-Si interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.344964
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bolometers for infrared and millimeter waves (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This review describes bolometric detectors for infrared and millimeter waves. The introduction sketches the history of modern bolometers, indicates how they fit into the more general class of thermal detectors, and describes the types of applications for which they are the optimum solution. Section I is a tutorial introduction to the elementary theories of bolometer response, of thermal radiation, and of bolometer noise. Important results are derived from the laws of thermal physics in the simplest possible way. The more rigorous theories of bolometer response and noise that are required for quantitative understanding and optimization are then summarized. This material is intended to provide the background required by workers who wish to choose the appropriate bolometer technology for a given measurement, or to evaluate a novel technology. Section II, then describes the various components of an efficient bolometer and gives details of the fabrication and performance of modern bolometers. This discussion focuses on composite bolometers with semiconducting thermometers for operation at and below liquid helium temperatures. The tradeoffs involved in using superconducting thermometers at low temperatures are discussed. Finally, a discussion is given of bolometers for operation at liquid nitrogen temperature which use the new high-Tc superconductors as thermometers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357128
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The low-temperature infrared optical functions of SrTiO3 determined by reflectance spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 1235-1240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: By combining reflectance spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry, the complex dielectric function of SrTiO3 in the frequency range 40–5000 cm−1 at 20, 100, 200, and 300 K has been determined. Using a factorized description, analytical expressions for the optical quantities were derived, giving excellent agreement with the experimental data. These can be used for two-layer fits of films on SrTiO3, e.g., of high-Tc superconductors. The fit parameters complement very well those found at higher temperatures. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360364
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design analysis of a high Tc superconducting microbolometer (1989)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 55 (1989), S. 2444-2446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We propose an antenna-coupled microbolometer based on the resistive transition of a high Tc superconducting film as a detector for far infrared and millimeter waves. Such microbolometers can be mechanically stronger, more easily fabricated, and much faster than conventional bolometric infrared detectors. A design analysis shows that a noise equivalent power of 2.5×10−12 W Hz−1/2 is achievable for modulation frequencies up to 10 kHz. The superconducting film must be of high quality with narrow resistive transition and low 1/f noise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.101998
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantum-limited heterodyne detection of millimeter waves using superconducting tantalum tunnel junctions (1990)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 57 (1990), S. 2487-2489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have made accurate measurements of the noise and gain of heterodyne mixers employing small-area (1 μm2) Ta/Ta2O5/Pb0.9Bi0.1 superconductor-insulator-superconductor tunnel junctions. These junctions have very low subgap leakage current and an extremely sharp current rise at the sum gap. We have measured an added mixer noise of 0.61±0.31 quanta at 95.0 GHz, which is within 25% of the quantum limit of 0.5 quanta for a single-sideband mixer. Values of the imbedding admittances are deduced from the shapes of I-V curves pumped at the upper and lower sideband frequencies. Using these admittances, the mixer performance calculated from the quantum theory is in good agreement with the experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104111
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feasibility of the high Tc superconducting bolometer (1989)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 54 (1989), S. 283-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A design analysis is given for a bolometric infrared detector that uses the resistive transition of a high-temperature superconductor as the temperature sensing element, and liquid nitrogen (LN) as the coolant. It is shown that for highly oriented c-axis films, the measured low-frequency noise causes little or no degradation of the performance. With the incoming radiation chopped at 10 Hz, noise equivalent powers (NEP) in the range (1–20)×10−12 W Hz−1/2 should be achievable. These values compare favorably with the NEP of other detectors operating at or above LN temperatures for wavelengths greater than 20 μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.101447
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of surface-limited release of hydrogen from oxidized metals (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 65 (1989), S. 180-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Analysis has been made of the time dependence of surface recombination and release of deuterium from helium-bubble traps in iron with both clean and oxidized surfaces. In both cases second-order kinetics are obeyed over a large range of time scales, including short times when the traps are saturated. We show this is possible only if, in both cases, release is limited by escape from surface sites which have the same energy as the traps. We therefore propose that the oxide represents an additional barrier, but does not alter the energies of sites from which recombination takes place relative to solution sites. We further show that for both iron and stainless steel the prefactor for the recombination rate is about the same for a bare surface and for an oxide layer. Thus effects of the barrier are mostly on the activation enthalpy of release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342567
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accurate experimental and theoretical comparisons between superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixers showing weak and strong quantum effects (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 2479-2491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have made a systematic study of the gain and noise in superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixers employing Ta based, Nb based, and Pb-alloy based tunnel junctions. These junctions displayed both weak and strong quantum effects at a signal frequency of 33 GHz. The effects of energy gap sharpness and subgap current were investigated and are quantitatively related to mixer performance. Detailed comparisons are made of the mixing results with the predictions of a three-port model approximation to the Tucker theory. We have measured mixer performance with a novel test apparatus which is accurate enough to allow for the first quantitative tests of theoretical noise predictions. We find that the three-port model of the Tucker theory underestimates the mixer noise temperature by a factor of about 2 for all of our mixers. In addition, predicted values of available mixer gain are in reasonable agreement with experiment when quantum effects are weak. However, as quantum effects become strong, the predicted available gain diverges to infinity, which is in sharp contrast to the experimental results. Predictions of coupled gain do not always show such divergences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341026
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