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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase from Escherichia coli (1995)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 51 (1995), S. 827-829 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Carbamoyl Phosphate synthetase catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate, a high-energy intermediate used in several biosynthetic pathways. The enzyme from Escherichia coli has been crystallized at pH 8 in the presence of L-ornithine, MnCl2 and ADP, using PEG 8000 in combination with NEt4Cl and KCl. The crystals (apparently) belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121 with unit-cell dimensions of a = 154.4, b = 166.5 and c = 338.7 Å. The crystals are relatively sensitive to radiation damage, but show diffraction to beyond 2.8 Å resolution. A low-resolution (3.5 Å) native data set has been recorded and conditions for flash cooling the crystal have been established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0907444994012801
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of exercise hyperpnea under varying durations of exposure to moderate hypoxia
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Respiration Physiology 16 (1972), S. 213-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-5687
    Keywords: Acid-base status ; Adaptation ; Altitude ; Arterial chemoreceptors ; Control of breathing ; Hypoxia
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0034-5687(72)90052-7
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: an amazing biochemical odyssey from substrate to product (1999)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 56 (1999), S. 507-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase; substrate channeling; pyrimidine metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; ATP-grasp enzyme; amidotransferase.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) catalyzes one of the most remarkable reactions ever described in biological chemistry, in which carbamoyl phosphate is produced from one molecule of bicarbonate, two molecules of Mg2+ATP, and one molecule of either glutamine or ammonia. The carbamoyl phosphate so produced is utilized in the synthesis of arginine and pyrimidine nucleotides. It is also employed in the urea cycle in most terrestrial vertebrates. Due to its large size, its important metabolic role, and the fact that it is highly regulated, CPS has been the focus of intensive investigation for nearly 40 years. Numerous enzymological, biochemical, and biophysical studies by a variety of investigators have led to a quite detailed understanding of CPS. Perhaps one of the most significant advances on this topic within the last 2 years has been the successful X-ray crystallographic analysis of CPS from Escherichia coli. Quite unexpectedly, this structural investigation revealed that the three active sites on the protein are widely separated from one another. Furthermore, these active sites are connected by a molecular tunnel with a total length of approximately 100 Å, suggesting that CPS utilizes this channel to facilitate the translocation of reaction intermediates from one site to another. In this review, we highlight the recent biochemical and X-ray crystallographic results that have led to a more complete understanding of this finely tuned instrument of catalysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050448
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of extracellular buffer concentration and propionate on lactate efflux from frog muscle (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 406 (1986), S. 472-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Muscle ; Lactate ; Lactic acid ; pH ; Transmembrane flux
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lactate efflux from frog sartorius muscles was measured following a lactate load of about 18 μmol · g−1 induced by a 4-min period of stimulation. Lactate efflux rate was buffer concentration dependent. The initial efflux rate increased from about 150 nmol · g−1 · min−1 in 1 mM MOPS buffer to 400 nmol · g−1 · min−1 in 25 mM MOPS buffer. The addition of 20 mM propionate reduced mean intracellular pH by about 0.2 units and increased lactate efflux rate by 70% at the highest buffer concentration and 400% at the lowest buffer concentration. The observed results are in reasonable agreement with predictions based on a model in which net efflux is limited by diffusion of both buffer and lactate in the extracellular space. Transmembrane lactate efflux appears to consist of two components, one of which is proton linked and carried either by undissociated lactic acid or coupled proton-lactate transport, the other being carried by independent lactate ions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00583369
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of extracellular buffer concentration and propionate on lactate efflux from frog muscle (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 407 (1986), S. 354-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00585314
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of extracellular buffer concentration and propionate on lactate efflux from frog muscle (1986)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 407 (1986), S. 697-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582655
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disturbance of thermal homeostasis during post-exercise hyperthermia (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 68 (1994), S. 170-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Human ; Thermoregulatory reflexes ; Thermal homeostasis ; Exercise and recovery ; Core and surface temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The response of core temperature to exercise was investigated during recovery in order to avoid the antagonistic competition between exercise and thermal reflexes for the same effector systems which control skin blood flow. Five healthy, non-training males [mean (SD) age, 23.8 (2.04) years] were habituated to 29° C at relative 50% humidity for more than 2 h and then exercised by treadmill running at about 75% maximum oxygen uptake for 18 min. They then remained at 29° C for up to 65 min of recovery. Oesophageal (T es), rectal (T re) and skin temperatures (T sk) were recorded at 5-s intervals throughout. The abrupt fall of temperature gradient from the forearm to finger was used to identify the T es for skin vessel dilatation (T dil) during exercise. Mean (SE) Ts rose from a resting value of 36.67 (0.15)° C to 38.22 (0.24)° C, mean T re rose from 37.09 (0.25)° C to 38.23 (0.15)° C, and T dil occurred at 37.39 (0.32)° C. Within 10 min of recovery mean T es fell to 37.31 (0.24)° C, where it remained a significant 0.64° C above its pre-exercise (PrEx) level (P≤0.018) but insignificantly different from T dil for the remaining 55 min of recovery. Meanwhile, T re fell gradually throughout recovery to 37.64 (0.18)° C. The T sk at all non-acral sites except the thigh had recovered to PrEx levels by 20–30 min post-exercise (PoEx). The rapid PoEx fall of T es to the level of T dil and the subsequent plateau above PrEx values suggests that heat dissipation during recovery was primarily passive once T es had fallen to T dil, even though T es and T re were significantly elevated. The relationship of these results to the set-point and load error concepts of thermal control is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00244031
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intense exercise increases the post-exercise threshold for sweating (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 76 (1997), S. 116-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Warm-water immersion ; Esophageal temperature ; Cutaneous vasodilation ; Thermoregulation ; Heat loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrated previously that esophageal temperature (T es) remains elevated by ≈0.5°C for at least 65 min after intense exercise. Following exercise, average skin temperature (T avg) and skin blood flow returned rapidly to pre-exercise values even though T es remained elevated, indicating that the T es threshold for vasodilation is elevated during this period. The present study evaluates the hypothesis that the threshold for sweating is also increased following intense exercise. Four males and three females were immersed in water (water temperature, T w = 42°C) until onset of sweating (Immersion 1), followed by recovery in air (air temperature, T a = 24°C). At a T a of 24°C, 15 min of cycle ergometry (70% VO2max) (Exercise) was then followed by 30 min of recovery. Subjects were then immersed again (T w = 42°C) until onset of sweating (Immersion 2). Baseline T es and T skavg were 37.0 (0.1)°C and 32.3 (0.3)°C, respectively. Because the T skavg at the onset of sweating was different during Exercise [30.9 (0.3)°C] than during Immersion 1 and Immersion 2 [36.8 (0.2)°C and 36.4 (0.2)°C, respectively] a corrected core temperature, T es (calculated), was calculated at a single designated skin temperature, T sk(designated), as follows: T es(calculated) = T es + [β/(1−β)][T skavg−T sk(designated)]. The T sk(designated) was set at 36.5°C (mean of Immersion 1 and Immersion 2 conditions) and β represents the fractional contribution of T skavg to the sweating response (β for sweating = 0.1). While T es(calculated) at the onset of sweating was significantly lower during exercise [36.7 (0.2)°C] than during Immersion 1 [37.1 (0.1)°C], the threshold of sweating during Immersion 2 [37.3 (0.1)°C] was greater than during both Exercise and Immersion 1 (P 〈 0.05). We conclude that intense exercise decreases the sweating threshold during exercise itself, but elicits a subsequent short-term increase in the resting sweating threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050222
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