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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 52 (1988), S. 1505-1507 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report the far-infrared absorption spectra of very shallow acceptor centers in silicon consisting of boron (aluminum) introduced during growth complexed with defect centers produced during neutron transmutation doping followed by a partial high-temperature anneal. As annealing of the samples removes radiation damage and activates isolated boron (aluminum) centers, a new acceptor series, attributed to this acceptor complex, is observed with a ground-state binding energy significantly lower than that of the known impurity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 241-243 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report on the fabrication and characterization of broadband Bragg filters in microfabricated AlGaAs waveguides. Electron-beam lithography and chemically assisted ion-beam etching were used to fabricate first-order gratings with 250 nm period. Bragg filters with rejection bandwidth ∼15 nm and centered at ∼1.6 μm are demonstrated. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 18 (1993), S. 609-615 
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Q kinetics ; V"O"2 kinetics ; exercise
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 339 (1989), S. 432-432 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-von Schantz et al.1 report that female pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) choose males on the basis of the length of the male's spur in preference to other biometric variables or territory quality. They find no correlation between the quality of a male's territory and the number of females ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Granulocytopoiesis ; Perihepatic layer ; Mesothelium ; Amphibia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Peritoneal-Überzug und die subkapsuläre Region der Leber von Xenopus laevis wurden mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß in der subkapsulären Region eine zwei bis zehn Zellschichten starke perihepatische Schicht vorhanden ist. Die perihepatische Schicht setzt sich zum größten Teil aus granulocytopoetischem Gewebe zusammen. Es wurden jedoch auch Lymphocyten, Pigmentzellen und Fettspeicherzellen gefunden. Das Vorhandensein einer perihepatischen granulocytopoetischen Schicht bei Xenopus laevis steht im Gegensatz zu der bisherigen Auffassung, daß die perihepatische Schicht ein typisches Merkmal der Urodelen sei. Es werden die phylogenetische Bedeutung einer solchen Schicht bei Anuren sowie die Entwicklungsvorgänge der einzelnen Zelltypen der perihepatischen Schicht diskutiert. Außerdem wird auf die mögliche Bedeutung der perihepatischen Schicht für immun-Vorgänge verwiesen.
    Notes: Summary The peritoneal cover and the subcapsular region of the liver of Xenopus laevis were examined with electron microscopy. In the subcapsular region a prominent perihepatic layer two to ten cells wide was found. This perihepatic layer is mainly composed of granulocytopoietic tissue. Other cell types found in the perihepatic layer were lymphocytes, pigment cells and fat storing cells. The presence of a perihepatic granulocytopoietic layer in the liver of Xenopus laevis is in contrast to current opinion that such a layer is a characteristic typical of urodeles. The phylogenetic significance of such a layer in anurans and the developmental processes of the individual cell types of the perihepatic layer are discussed. Furthermore the possible participation of the perihepatic layer in the immune response is considered
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 154 (1978), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bile canaliculus ; Development ; Glycogenesis ; Hepatocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes during development and metamorphosis in the liver ofXenopus laevis have been investigated. In this species it was found that developmental processes, which ultimately lead to the formation of bile canaliculi, can be detected in the liver anlage as early as stage 35. While the wall of the primary liver cavity is thrown into folds which form the liver parenchyma, the bile canaliculi are formed (st. 36–38). Secretion into the lumen of the bile canaliculi was not found to occur before stage 47 and IDP-ase activity could not be detected in the bile canaliculi before stage 49. The intra- and extrahepatic portions of the hepatic duct system were found to be formed during the stages 40–41. The formation of the duct system involves cellular degeneration in the lumen of the future ducts. These processes are described in detail. The glycogen content of the developing hepatocytes received particular attention during the course of this study. It was found that after depletion of the embryonal glycogen the hepatocytes are completely free from glycogen during the stages 43–45. At stage 46, after the begin of feeding, beta as well as alpha particles of glycogen appear in the hepatocytes. These first reappearing glycogen particles are formed without the participation of SER membranes, in areas which are loaded with RNA particles. It was found that only after the synthesis of glycogen had been initiated SER membranes started to proliferate in the hepatocytes, where they were mostly found intermingled with glycogen particles. From stage 54 on, where the liver glycogen content was found to be 0.2%, the glycogen content of the liver almost continuously increased until it reached a temporary peak of 10% at the end of metamorphosis. These findings strongly contrast results reported for other amphibia, which at the end of metamorphosis have depleted their glycogen content completely. Details of the ultrastructural changes occuring during development of the hepatocytes, are also reported in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 146 (1975), S. 245-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Amphibia ; Glycogen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Leber von Xenopus laevis wurde mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß sie in ihrem Bau stark von der Leber der Säuger abweicht, vor allem in Bezug auf die Morphologie des als typisch zu bezeichnenden Hepatocyten. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, daß eine solche Zelle primär Glykogenspeicherungs-Funktion besitzt und nur geringe Bestandteile an Organellen und anderen Inklusionen aufweist. Da dieser Zelltyp in der Leber unbehandelter Tiere am häufigsten auftritt, wurde er als Normalzelle bezeichnet. Bemerkenswert erschien die Tatsache, daß eine Vielzahl von Zelltypen in der Normalleber vorkommen, die sonst vermehrt unter experimentellen Bedingungen zu finden sind, z.B. Zellen mit stark vermehrtem RER, vergrößertem Golgi-Feld, vermehrten Lipidinklusionen etc. Diese hohe Zahl von abweichenden Hepatocyten und die Tatsache, daß alle Zwischenstufen zwischen den einzelnen Extremen vorhanden sind, die nicht durch die lage der Zelle innerhalb der Leber erklärt werden konnten, wurden als der Ausdruck eines zyklischen Durchlaufens der einzelnen Aktivitätsstadien interpretiert. Spezielles Interesse verdient die Tatsache, daß Glykogen in der Leberzelle vermehrt nur während der Vitellogenese abgebaut wird. Akuter und chronischer Hunger, sowie Kälte-adaptation beeinflussen die Morphologie der Normalzelle, besonders in Bezug auf das Glykogen kaum. Die möglichen Ursachen hierfür werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The liver of Xenopus laevis was examined with electron microscopy. Its structure was found to be markedly different from that of mammals, particularly regarding the morphology of the hepatocytes to be classified as typical. It was established that the main function of such a cell is the storage of glycogen, and further that it possesses only scant organelles and other inclusions. Since this type of cell was found most frequently in the liver of untreated animals, it was designated as normal cell. The fact appears noteworthy that in the normal liver of Xenopus laevis an abundance of cell types occur which are otherwise found to be proliferated under experimental conditions, e.g. cells with pronouncedly augmented RER, enlarged Golgi complexes, increased lipid inclusions etc. This high number of divergent hepatocytes and the fact that all intermediate stages between the individual extremes are present and not to be accounted for by the position of the cell within the liver was interpreted as being the expression of a cyclic passage of the various stages of activity. It is of special interest that augmented degradation of glycogen in the liver cell takes place only during vitellogenesis. Acute and chronic hunger, as well as adaptation to cold, hardly affect the morphology of the normal cell, especially as far as the glycogen is concerned. The possible causes for this are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 64-80 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Intracerebellar nuclei ; Purkinje cells ; Inhibition ; Excitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats, synaptic events in cerebellar nuclei neurones were investigated with intracellular microelectrode techniques. These cells were identified by their antidromic activation along their axons and/or by their location in histological sections. In the cells of lateral nucleus IPSPs were induced monosynaptically during stimulation of the overlying hemispheral cortex of the cerebellum. In the cells of nuclei interpositus and fastigii, similar IPSPs were produced from the paravermal and vermal cortices, respectively. The postulate that the Purkinje cells exert an inhibitory action upon their target neurones thus applies not only to Deiters neurones, as previously proposed, but also to cells in the cerebellar nuclei. Stimulation of the cerebellar afferents at the inferior olive, the pontine nucleus and the lateral reticular nucleus produced EPSPs in cerebellar nuclei cells with relatively brief latencies, probably through axon collaterals of these afferents. The EPSPs were followed by IPSPs and slow depolarizations of disinhibitory nature, which, as studied previously in Deiters neurones, might be caused respectively by activation and subsequent depression of Purkinje cells through the cerebellar intracortical mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 223-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Deiters ; Purkinje Cell ; Mossy fibre ; Granule Cell ; IPSP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In anaesthetized cats, electric pulse stimuli were applied at various lateralities to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. In dorsal Deiters neurones delayed IPSPs with latencies of 3–6 msec were evoked from the entire area of the culmen including the paravermis bilaterally. The delayed IPSPs had a summit time of about 2 msec and a duration of about 7 msec. They showed a marked temporal facilitation and subsequent depression with double shock stimulation. Corticovestibular fibers were penetrated within the nucleus of Deiters and showed delayed, labile responses to cortical stimulation, corresponding to the delayed IPSPs in Deiters neurones. During stimulation of the anterior lobe at any laterality, field potentials recorded in the cerebellar cortex further revealed that there was activation, presumably through axon collaterals of mossy fibers, of granule cells and subsequently of Purkinje cells in the vermal cortex. Cortical events exhibited a prominent temporal facilitation and subsequent depression, in parallel with that observed for the delayed IPSPs in Deiters neurones. The delayed IPSPs in Deiters neurones arising from a wide area of the cerebellar cortex thus were attributed to activation through mossy fiber-granule cell pathway of Purkinje cells of the corticovestibular projection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 15 (1972), S. 133-150 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mesencephalic tegmentum ; Descending activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Discharges evoked by mesencephalic stimulation have been recorded from the contralateral dissected dorsal and ventral quadrants in the lower thoracic region of the spinal cord in cats. The effect of this activity on different spinal cord mechanisms was analysed. After interruption of the rubrospinal tract in the lateral part of the medulla, stimulation just dorsal to the red nucleus still evokes a discharge in the contralateral dorsal quadrant. The discharge which requires repetitive stimulation is probably mediated by a two-neurone pathway. Since the stimuli giving this dorsal discharge produces inhibition of interneuronal transmission from the flexor reflex afferents to motoneurones, which is the characteristic effect of activity in the dorsal reticulospinal system (Engberg et al., 1968) it is suggested that the second order neurones belong to this pathway. Stimulation just dorsal to the red nucleus also evokes a synchronized discharge in the contralateral ventral quadrant, mediated by a two-neurone pathway. The first order neurones are at least partly of tectal origin; the second order neurones originate from the brain stem and their axons descend in the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Activity in these fibres has no detectable effect on spinal cord mechanism controlling hindlimb muscles but produces monosynaptic EPSPs in motoneurones of the upper lumbar segments. Some observations are reported regarding long propriospinal excitatory and inhibitory connexions to upper lumbar motoneurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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