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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 89 (2001), S. 3168-3176 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: The crystallization behavior of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films has been analyzed by atomic force microscopy and optical reflection measurements on various time scales in order to determine the crystallization kinetics including the crystallization mechanism, the corresponding activation barrier, and the Avrami coefficient. On the minute time scale, thin amorphous films were isothermally crystallized in a furnace under a protective Ar atmosphere. From these measurements the activation energy for crystallization was determined to be (2.0±0.2) eV, in close agreement with previous studies using different techniques. The isothermal measurements also revealed a temperature dependent incubation time for the formation of critical nuclei, which is compared with recent theories. On the nanosecond time scale, Ge2Sb2Te5 was locally crystallized with a focused laser. Either crystalline spots of submicron size were generated in an as deposited amorphous film or amorphous bits in an otherwise crystalline film were recrystallized. For the formation of crystalline spots in an as deposited amorphous film a minimum time of (100±10) ns was found, which is identified as the minimum incubation time for the formation of critical nuclei. In contrast, the complete crystallization of melt-quenched amorphous bits in a crystalline matrix was possible in 10 ns. This is attributed to the presence of quenched-in nuclei inside the amorphous bits. The combination of optical measurements with atomic force microscopy reveals the formation and growth of crystalline bits and shows that the crystal growth in vertical direction strongly affects the reflectivity changes. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics ultimately govern the ability of soil to provide long-term C sequestration and the nutrients required for ecosystem productivity. Predicting belowground responses to elevated CO2 requires an integrated understanding of SOM transformations and the microbial activity that governs them. It remains unclear how the microorganisms upon which these transformations depend will function in an elevated CO2 world. This study examines SOM transformations and microbial metabolism in soils from the Duke Free Air Carbon Enrichment site in North Carolina, USA. We assessed microbial respiration and net nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils with and without elevated CO2 exposure during a 100-day incubation. We also traced the depleted C isotopic signature of the supplemental CO2 into SOM and the soils' phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), which serve as biomarkers for living cells. Cumulative net N mineralization in elevated CO2 soils was 50% that in control soils after a 100-day incubation. Respiration was not altered with elevated CO2. C : N ratios of bulk SOM did not change with elevated CO2, but incubation data suggest that the C : N ratios of mineralized organic matter increased with elevated CO2. Values of SOM δ13C were depleted with elevated CO2 (−26.7±0.2 vs. −30.2±0.3‰), reflecting the depleted signature of the supplemental CO2. We compared δ13C of individual PLFA with the δ13C of SOM to discern incorporation of the depleted C isotopic signature into soil microbial groups in elevated CO2 plots. PLFA i15:0, a15:0, and 10Met18:0 reflected significant incorporation of recently produced photosynthate, suggesting that the bacterial groups defined by these biomarkers are active metabolizers in elevated CO2 soils. At least one of these groups (actinomycetes, 10Met18:0) specializes in metabolizing less labile substrates. Because control plots did not receive an equivalent 13C tracer, we cannot determine from these data whether this group of organisms was stimulated by elevated CO2 compared with these organisms in control soils. Stimulation of this group, if it occurred in the elevated CO2 plot, would be consistent with a decline in the availability of mineralizable organic matter with elevated CO2, which incubation data suggest may be the case in these soils.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, B 70 (1992), S. 521-531 
    ISSN: 0168-583X
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Herz-, Thorax- und Gefässchirurgie 12 (1998), S. 23-33 
    ISSN: 0930-9225
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Kardioplegie – Noradrenalin – Katecholaminfreisetzung – humanes Myokard ; Key words Cardioplegia – noradrenaline – catecholamineliberation – human myocardium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary The content of noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) of human atrial myocardium was analysed after application of Bretschneider's cardioplegia in patients undergoing aortic-coronary bypass surgery (n = 12) Atrial myocardfibers were obtained at 3 standardized times: before application of cardioplegia, 7 minutes after onset of perfusion with cardioplegic (2000 ml/7 min, 40– 50 mmHg perfusion pressure) solution and 10 minutes after onset reperfusion. Samples were analysed by histo-morphological (immunfluorescence) and biochemical (HPLC, RIA) methods. After analysis of more than 39.000 measuring points a factor for variation of myocardial fibrosis was calculated in order to exclude scattering of data due to different relations between myocardial and connective tissue in different samples of the same patients. Before application of cardioplegia clearly separated NA-granules were found using immunfluorescence. After a 7 min perfusion period with cardioplegic solution most of the granules had disappeared and cloudy shadows were detected within the tissue representing noradrenaline. After 10 min reperfusion clearly separated granules could be found again. Most interestingly the biochemical analyses and quantification of the content of NA and NPY in the myocardial tissue showed the same concentrations before, during and after application of cardioplegic solution. The study provides direct evidence for a myocardial NA-liberation from autonomic nerve endings after perfusion with cardioplegic solution in atrial myocardium. The catecholamines, however, are not washed out but remain in the myocardium as indicated by the same concentrations within the tissue. Thus only the distribution changes to a less favorable form as NA can than directly interact with receptors and contractile proteins. Thus, this temporary NA-liberation could possibly be responsible for postoperative cardiodepression (catecholamine induced desensitation of the contractile apparatus for Calcium) and presence of arrhythmia (receptor mediated intracellular Calcium overload).
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Fragestellung: Das unmittelbar postoperative Auftreten von Arrhytmien und von Einschränkungen der Myokardfunktion nach herzchirurgischen Eingriffen wird in der Literatur mit der Ausschüttung von Katecholaminen im Myokard als Reaktion auf die Perfusion mit kardioplegischer Lösung in Verbindung gebracht. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht daher systematisch mit kombinierter morphologischer und biochemischer Methodik am menschliche atrialen Myokard die Veränderungen des Noradrenalin-(NA) und Neuropeptid-Y-Gehaltes (NPY) vor, während und nach Perfusion mit kardioplegischer Lösung nach Bretschneider. Methoden: Atriale Myokardpräparate von Patienten, die sich einer Bypassoperation unterzogen (n = 12), wurden zu standardisierten Zeitpunkten unmittelbar vor Kardioplegiegabe (2000 ml/7 min, Perfusionsdruck 40–50 mmHg; Applikation im totalen Bypass bei bicavaler, venöser Kanülierung), 7 min nach Beginn der Perfusion mit kardioplegischer Lösung und 10 Minuten nach Reperfusion (Öffnen der Aortenklemme) entnommen. Alle Patienten wurden mit bikavaler Kanülierung im totalen Bypass operiert. Der NA- und NPY-Gehalt wurde sowohl histologisch morphologisch (Immunfluoreszenz) als auch mittels biochemischer Methodik (HPLC, RIA) untersucht. Unter Auswertung von mehr als 39 000 Meßpunkten wurde ein Korrekturfaktor der Myokardfibrose berücksichtigt, um eine Vergleichbarkeit der zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten gewonnenen Präparate zu gewährleisten. Ergebnisse: Vor Kardioplegieapplikation lassen sich fluoreszenzoptisch eindeutig NA-gefüllte Speichergranula nachweisen. Diese erscheinen nach Kardioplegiegabe entweder weitgehend entleert oder sind gar nicht mehr zu erkennen. Nach Reperfusion lassen sich die Granula erneut deutlich zur Darstellung bringen. Interessanterweise ergeben sich jedoch bei den biochemisch ermittelten NA- und NPY-Gehalten während des gesamten Untersuchungszeitraumes keinerlei signifikante Veränderungen der Meßwerte. Die dargestellten Befunde weisen darauf hin, daß während der Anwendung von HTK-Kardioplegie eine Liberation von Noradrenalin aus seinen Speichervesikeln stattfindet, deren Freisetzungsmechanismus mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit die Non-Exozytose ist. Diese temporäre NA-Freisetzung nach Kardioplegieanwendung könnte möglicherweise unmittelbar für das vermehrte Auftreten von Arrhytmien verantwortlich sein und auch die postoperativ beobachtbaren temporären Einschränkungen der kardialen Pumpleistung – beispielsweise verursacht durch die Desensitivierung des kontraktilen Apparates für Ca++ erklären helfen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Schlagwort(e): Manganese ; Positron emission tomography ; Tracer kinetic modeling ; Myocardial perfusion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract There is a need for a quantitative myocardial perfusion agent that does not require an on-site cyclotron. Early studies with manganese demonstrated that this trace metal is of potential use for myocardial imaging.52mMn can be produced in a52Fe-52mMn generator and is suitable for positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging. The purpose of this study was to evaluate52mMn with regard to its potential to quantitatively assess myocardial perfusion. Dynamic PET imaging was performed in six pigs with various doses of dipyridamole to increase blood flow. Retention (R) and model-basedK 1 values were correlated with microsphere blood flow. The models consisted of one (K 1,k 2) and two (K 1,k 2,k 3) tissue compartments. Anterior, lateral and septal regions showed a good myocardium-to-background ratio; the evaluation of the inferior wall was impaired by high liver uptake. Linear regression yielded the following equations:K 1=1.152 flow+0.059 (r=0.92),R=0.069 flow+0.034 (r=0.84). Based on these regressions,K 1 increased 2.7-fold andR 2.6-fold in the examined flow range of 0.5–2 ml/min/g (fourfold increase), demonstrating an underestimation of higher flow rates by both measures. It is concluded that52mMn allows the qualitative assessment of myocardial perfusion but does not meet the requirements of a quantitative myocardial perfusion agent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 11 (1988), S. 639-646 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid chromatography ; HPLC ; Electrochemical detection ; Fluorescence detection ; UV detection ; Cysteine derivatives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Electrochemical (ECD), fluorescence (FLD), and UV spectrophotometric (UVD) detection were used to monitor various S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteines and their corresponding sulfoxide isomers following pre-column derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde-tert-butylthiol and separation by reversed-phase HPLC. Recording of hydrodynamic voltammograms, FLD stop-flow scanning, and on-line captured UV spectra were methods used for establishing optimal detector settings which were defined as a compromise between favorable selectivity and high sensitivity. Optimal detector settings were found at: (A) 750 mV vs. Ag/AgCl for ECD; (B) excitation at 230 nm and emission at 420 nm for FLD; and (C) 337 nm for UVD. Various aspects of detector practicability such as selectivity, baseline disturbances due to excessive reagent, scanning possibilities, as well as detection limits were evaluated and compared. Minimal detectable amounts of the compounds were in the range of 130-160 fmol for ECD, and 2.5-3.5 pmol and 13-16 pmol for FLD and UVD. In addition, the possibilities and benefits of detector coupling were examined.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 131-132 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Schlagwort(e): Analyse von Plasma ; kontinuierl. Gewinnung zur Best. hochmolek. Parameter
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Positron emission tomography ; Dual-detector coincidence imaging ; Fluorodeoxyglucose ; Lung cancer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Dual-head gamma cameras operated in coincidence mode are a new approach for tumour imaging using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of such a camera system in comparison with a full-ring positron emission tomography (PET) system in patients with lung cancer. Twenty-seven patients (1 female, 26 males, age 62±9 years) with lung cancer or indeterminate pulmonary nodules were studied on the same day with a full-ring PET scanner (Siemens ECAT EXACT) and a coincidence gamma camera system (ADAC Vertex MCD). Sixty minutes after injection of 185–370 MBq FDG, a scan of the chest was performed with the full-ring system. Approximately 2 h p.i., the coincidence camera study was performed. Coincidence gamma camera (CGC) and PET images with (PETac) and without attenuation correction (PETnac) were analysed independently by two blinded observers. In addition, FDG uptake in primary tumours and involved lymph nodes was quantified relative to normal contralateral lung (T/L ratios). All primary tumours were histologically proven. The lymph node status was histologically determined in 23 patients. In four patients, no lymph node sampling was performed because of extensive disease or concurrent illnesses. In the 27 patients, 25 primary lung cancers and two metastatic lesions were histologically diagnosed. The number of coincidences per centimetre axial field of view was 3.33±0.93×105 for the CGC and 1.09±0.36×106 for the dedicated PET system. All primary tumours (size: 4.6±2.6 cm) were correctly identified in the CGC and dedicated PET studies. T/L ratios were 4.7±2.5 for CGC and 6.9±2.8 for PETnac (P 〈0.001). Histopathological evaluation revealed lymph node metastases in 11 of 88 sampled lymph node stations (size: 2.3±1.0 cm). All lymph node metastases were identified in the PETac studies, while PETnac detected 10/11 and CGC 8/11. For positive lymph nodes that were visible in CGC and PETnac studies, T/L ratios were 3.7±2.3 for CGC and 6.6±3.1 for PETnac (P=0.02). The diameters of false-negative lymph nodes in the CGC studies were 0.75, 1.5 and 2 cm. False-positive FDG uptake in lymph nodes was found in two patients with all three imaging methods. For all lesions combined, T/L ratios in CGC relative to PETnac studies decreased significantly with decreasing lesion size (r=0.62; P〈0.001). In conclusion, compared with a full-ring PET system the sensitivity of CGC imaging for detection of lung cancer is limited by a lower image contrast which deteriorates with decreasing lesion size. Nevertheless, the ability of CGC imaging to detect pulmonary lesions with a diameter of at least 2 cm appears to be similar to that of a full-ring system. Both systems provide a similar specificity for the evaluation of lymph node involvement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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