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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Lebertransplantation ; Aprotinin ; Transfusionsbedarf ; Gerinnungsparameter ; Key words Liver transplantation ; Aprotinin ; Transfusion requirements ; Coagulation parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The effect of aprotinin (2000000 IU as a bolus +500000 JU/h until the end of the operation) on transfusion requirements and coagulation parameters in orthotopic liver transplantation (study group: n=9; placebo group: n=9) was investigated in a randomised, double-blind study. Coagulation parameters were monitored intraoperatively using a mobile laboratory. In contrast to the published results, no effect on transfusion requirements could be demonstrated. However, aprotinin showed a positive effect on some coagulation parameters in the reperfusion phase. The mechanism appeared to be inhibition of the contact activation of the intrinsic system with less thrombin generation in the study group.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer randomisierten Doppelblindstudie wurde der Effekt von Aprotinin (2000000 KIE als Bolus+500000 KIE/h bis zum Ende der Operation, Verumgruppe n=9; Plazebogruppe n=9) auf Gerinnungsparameter und Transfusionsbedarf bei orthotoper Lebertransplantation untersucht. Alle Patienten wurden mit Hilfe eines fahrbaren Gerinnungslabors intraoperativ optimal überwacht. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Arbeitsgruppen fand sich unter diesen Bedingungen für den Transfusionsbedarf kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Verum- und Plazebogruppe. Dagegen beobachteten wir einen günstigen Effekt des Proteinaseninhibitors auf verschiedene Gerinnungsparameter, besonders in der Reperfusionsphase. Offensichtlich wird die Kontaktaktivierung des intrinsischen Gerinnungssystems, die durch geschädigte Gefäße des transplantierten Organs eingeleitet wird, durch Aprotinin gehemmt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Schmerzgedächtnis ; Akuter postoperativer Schmerz ; Key words ; Pain memory ; Acute postoperative pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectiles: Clinicians use patients’ recall of pain as an important source of evidence both in diagnosis and in assessing improvements following treatment. Yet very little is known about the accuracy of these retrospective accounts up to now. Methods: We examined patients’ retrospective evaluations of the pain they experienced at the first postoperative day and related these evaluations to the pain intensity which was recorded in the PCA-report. Results: We found that recall was moderately accurate. Patients mostly overestimated their pain intensity. We could demonstrate that patients who overestimated their pain differed significantly from those who did not. The patients who overestimated showed no significant pain relief over the first three postoperative days. Other influences were the pain intensity of the third day and patients’ expectations of the postoperative pain intensity. Our results could be embedded within the theoretical framework of general memory research. Conclusions: We conclude that real-time evaluations of pain intensity should be recorded additionally to retrospective accounts. Retrospective ratings are important too, because we suggest that the memory of pain more than the experience of pain itself form the basis of patients’ future decisions about treatment including their compliance and their satisfaction with pain management.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Retrospektive Schmerzeinstufungen durch den Patienten werden sehr häufig verwendet. Dennoch ist bislang nur sehr wenig bekannt, wie diese Einschätzungen zustande kommen und wie sie mit dem unmittelbaren Schmerzerleben zusammenhängen. Wir haben die Übereinstimmung zwischen den retrospektiven Schmerzeinstufungen von 67 Patienten, die postoperativ eine PCA-Pumpe zur Schmerzlinderung erhalten hatten, mit den Aufzeichnungen des PCA-Protokolls verglichen und fanden in Übereinstimmung mit anderen Forschungsergebnissen eine geringe Übereinstimmung. Es bestand insgesamt eine Tendenz zur Schmerzüberschätzung. Dies traf jedoch nicht auf alle Patienten zu. Eine genauere Analyse der Patienten, die ihre Schmerzen deutlich überschätzt hatten (〉 dem Median der Differenzen der Gesamtstichprobe) und denen, die dies nicht getan hatten, zeigte, dass der Schmerzverlauf für beide Gruppen unterschiedlich gewesen war. Patienten, die ihre Schmerzen überschätzten, hatten in den ersten drei Tagen keine signifikante Schmerzreduktion gegenüber dem ersten postoperativen Tag erfahren. Weitere Einflussfaktoren auf die retrospektive Schmerzeinstufung waren die Schmerzstärke des dritten postoperativen Tages und die Schmerzerwartungen, die der Patient hatte. Die Ergebnisse konnten in die Befunde der allgemeinen Gedächtnisforschung integriert werden. Neben retrospektiven Beurteilungen sollte daher nach Möglichkeit auch die aktuelle Schmerzbeurteilung des Patienten erfasst werden. Da jedoch gerade die retrospektive Einschätzung, d. h. die Erinnerung an den Schmerz vermutlich die Entscheidungen von Patienten beeinflusst und eher als Indikator für die Zufriedenheit des Patienten mit der Schmerztherapie zu werten ist, behält die retrospektive Einschätzung weiterhin ihre Berechtigung im Rahmen der Evaluation schmerztherapeutischer Massnahmen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter ; Periduralanalgesie ; Patientenkontrollierte Analgesie ; Postoperative Schmerztherapie ; Key words ; Epidural analgesia ; Patient-controlled analgesia ; Postoperative pain treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Objectives: Continuous epidural analgesia (EA) and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCA) are widely used for postoperative pain control. Studies indicate that both analgesic regimens provide good analgesia after major surgery. However, because of the following reasons it is still unclear whether one of the two modes of application is superior. First, there are conflicting data regarding the differences in pain relief and drug use between epidural and intravenous administration of opioids. Second, in many studies epidural analgesia is performed by a combination of local anaesthetics and opioids. Third, reduced morbidity was observed only in some of the studies, in which epidural analgesia provided better pain relief than systemic opioid supply. Despite these conflicting results, EA with local anaesthetics and fentanyl as well as PCA with piritramid, a highly potent μ-agonist, are routinely used in Germany. The purpose of this study was to compare these two treatments for analgesic efficacy, pulmonary function, incidence of side effects and complications in patients undergoing thoracotomy. Methods: In this prospective randomized trial 50 patients were included. For postoperative pain control 25 patients (EA group) received thoracic epidural infusion of local anaesthetics (bupivacaine 0.125% or ropivacaine 0,2%) and fentanyl 4,5µg/ml with a flow rate of 4-10 ml/h. 25 patients received intravenous PCA with piritramid (bolus 2,5 mg, lock out 15 minutes, maximum of 25 mg/4 h, no background infusion). Results: Analgesia at rest and while coughing, as evaluated by visual analogue scale, was significantly better in the EA group. EA also resulted in superior values of pulmonary function tests, general condition and a lower incidence of sedation and nausea. In contrast, patients with EA reported distinctly more pruritus than patients with PCA. Duration of hospital stay was shorter in the EA group, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. There was one atelectasis in the EA group. No major complications related to EA or PCA were observed. Conclusion: In this study EA with local anaesthetics and fentanyl provided superior postoperative pain control and a lower incidence of sedation and nausea compared to intravenous PCA with piritramid, but there was no superiority as to pulmonary complications and duration of hospital stay.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer prospektiven, randomisierten Studie wurden die beiden klinisch etablierten, postoperativen Analgesieverfahren, die kontinuierliche thorakale Periduralanalgesie (PDA) mit Lokalanästhetikum und Fentanyl und die intravenöse patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA) mit Piritramid, verglichen. Bei 50 Patienten (PDA-Gruppe n=25, PCA-Gruppe n=25), die sich einer Thorakotomie unterziehen mußten, wurden Analgesie, unerwünschte Wirkungen, Allgemeinbefindlichkeit, Krankenhausaufenthaltsdauer und Komplikationen unter den jeweiligen Verfahren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß sowohl die PDA als auch die PCA zur Schmerztherapie nach Thorakotomien effektiv und sicher sind. Dennoch wurde unter PDA eine signifikant bessere analgetische Wirkung sowie eine deutlich geringere Inzidenz der unerwünschten Wirkungen Sedierung und Übelkeit erzielt. Über Juckreiz klagten die Patienten mit PDA hingegen öfter. Im Hinblick auf Lungenfunktionsparameter, die subjektive Allgemeinbefindlichkeit der Patienten und die Krankenhausaufenthaltsdauer schnitt die PDA-Gruppe ebenso tendenziell besser ab. Auch die Beurteilung des jeweiligen Analgesieverfahrens durch die Patienten fiel bei insgesamt guter Bewertung beider Verfahren in der PDA-Gruppe besser aus. Trotz dieser Vorteile führte die PDA gegenüber der PCA jedoch nicht zu einer Senkung der pulmonalen Komplikationsrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 85 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cannabinoids display a variety of central effects including analgesia, control of spasticity and influence of emotional states. Activation of the brain-type cannabinoid receptor CB1 inhibits the adenylyl cyclase-protein kinase A-pathway and modulates calcium and potassium conductances. CB1 is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. Among other brain regions, CB1 is highly expressed in the amygdala, which is important for the control of emotional behavior including anxiety and pain perception. In a recent investigation using auditory fear-conditioning tests, we showed that the endogenous cannabinoid system in the amygdala is crucially involved in the extinction of aversive memories. Using electrophysiological techniques, we also found that endogenous and exogenously applied cannabinoids play a major role in the modulation of both, synaptic transmission and plasticity in this brain region. Our behavioral and electrophysiological results indicate that the endogenous cannabinoid system may represent a novel target in the treatment of chronic pain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Activation of adrenoreceptors modulates synaptic transmission in the basolateral amygdala. Here, we investigated the effects of α2-adrenoreceptor activation on long-term depression and long-term potentiation in an in vitro slice preparation of the mouse basolateral amygdala. Field potentials and excitatory postsynaptic currents were evoked in the basolateral amygdala by stimulating the lateral amygdala. Norepinephrine (20 µm) reduced synaptic transmission and completely blocked the induction of long-term potentiation and long-term depression. The α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine (2 µm) reversed this effect. The α2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine (10 µm) mimicked the effects of norepinephrine. The Gi/o-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin (5 µg/mL) reversed the effect of clonidine. Long-term depression was blocked in the presence of ω-conotoxin GVIA, but not ω-agatoxin IVA. Clonidine inhibited voltage-activated Ca2+ currents mediated via N- or P/Q-type Ca2+-channels. The inhibitory action of clonidine on long-term depression was reversed when inwardly rectifying K+-channels were blocked by Ba2+ (300 µm). The present data suggest that α2-adrenoreceptor activation impairs the induction of long-term depression in the basolateral amygdala by a Gi/o-protein-mediated inhibition of presynaptic N-type Ca2+-channels and activation of inwardly-rectifying K+-channels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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