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  • 1
    ISSN: 1600-079X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The relationship between the concentrations of melatonin and prolactin over the 24-h cycle has been investigated in a group of young men at three times in the year. Melatonin and prolactin showed a significant positive correlation (P 〈 0.001) for all times during the 24-h period but with a greater contribution from concentrations during the nocturnal period, when both hormones were elevated. The positive correlation for nocturnal concentrations was evident in February and March (P 〈 0.01) but was of greatest significance in June (P 〈 0.001). In blood samples taken at 15-min intervals during the morning (0800–1200) and evening (2000–2400), melatonin and prolactin concentrations were not significantly correlated. Melatonin concentrations increased before prolactin during the evening and decreased before prolactin in the morning. Oral administration of 6 mg melatonin significantly stimulated prolactin release above concentrations measured after placebo administration, in both the morning (P 〈 0.05) and evening (P 〈 0.01) time periods; the prolactin response being greater in the evening. These results provide evidence for melatonin controlling the nocturnal increase of prolactin via its ability to stimulate prolactin release.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tumour regression induced in cancer patients hy local instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) into the hiadder has been considered to be mainly mediated by activated cellular immunity and inflammatory reactions. In the present study we investigated the cytotoxicity of T cells bearing γ/δ T-cell receptors (γ/δ+ T cells) against bladder carcinoma cells in vitro. Long-term cultured γ/δ+ T-cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy donors were established by stimulation with sonicated cell wall-associated antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (SMA). These γ/δ+ T cells lack the natural killer (NK) markers CD16 and CD56, as determined by flow cytometry. The SMA-specific γ/δ+ T cells exhibited profound cytotoxicity against two NK-resistant bladder tumour cell lines as well as against NK-sensitive tumour eells in a non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted manner. The pattern of tumour cells killed by γ/δ+ T cells differed significantly from those of NK cells and lymphokine-activated killer LAK cells. Furthermore, we tested the effects of recombinant human cytokines. including interleukin (IL)-l, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNE), on γ/δ+ T-cell-medlated cytotoxicity. It was shown that the addition of recombinant TNF in co-incubation could augment γ/δ+ T-cell-mediated killing of two bladder tumour cell lines, but not of cells of the erythroleukaemia eell line K562. Based on these results it was concluded that mycobacterial antigens could specifically activate resting γ/δ+ T cells. The cytotoxicity of γ/δ+ T cells against bladder tumour cells and its selective enhancement by TNF may bean important mechanism involved in bladder tumour regression induced by intravesical instillation of BCG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Thoracoscopy ; Analgesia ; PCA ; Intercostal block ; Interpleural analgesia. ; Schlüsselwörter: Thoracoskopie ; Analgesie ; PCA ; Intercostalblockade ; Interpleuralanalgesie.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Als effiziente Analgesieverfahren nach thoracoskopischen Eingriffen gelten zum einen systemische Opioide, ggf. plus Nicht-Opioid-Analgetica sowie zweitens die thorakale Epiduralanalgesie (Lokalanaesthetica, ggf. plus Opioide). Als Alternative wurden hier nun zwei weniger invasive Regionalanalgesieverfahren untersucht. Nach Beratung der Ethikkommission und schriftlichem Einverständnis wurden 36 Patienten zur Thoracoskopie prospektiv-randomisiert eingeteilt: Gruppe ICB: Intercostalblocks mit je 5 ml Bupivacain 0,5 % unmittelbar postoperativ und nach 6 Std; Gruppe IPA: Interpleuralkatheteranalgesie mit 20 ml Bupivacain 0,25 % vierstündlich. Kontrollgruppe: keine Regionalanalgesie. In allen 3 Gruppen kam eine patientenkontrollierte Analgesie (PCA-Pumpe: Bolus 2mg Piritramid) zur Anwendung, um den postoperativen Opioidverbrauch zu messen. Wurden vordefinierte Tageshöchstdosierungen des Opioids überschritten, verabreichten wir Metamizol i.v. Die Schmerzintensität (VAS = visuelle Analogskala; 0–100) wurde am Operationstag sowie am 1.–3. und 7. Tag ermittelt, ebenso die Lungenfunktionsparameter: Forcierte Vitalkapazität (FVC), Forciertes exspiratorisches Volumen (FEV1), Tiffeneau (FEV1/FVC) und „peak flow“ (PF). Postoperative Übelkeit/Erbrechen und Vigilanzeinschränkung wurden durch Nominalskalen (0 = keine; 4 = unerträglich/bewußtlos) erfaßt. Der Piritramid-Verbrauch war zwischen den Regionalanalgesiegruppen (ICB, IPA) und der Kontrolle nicht verschieden: bis zum 7. Tag in der ICB-Gruppe durchschnittlich 78 mg, in der IPA-Gruppe 75 mg und in der PCA-Gruppe 80 mg. Die Patienten der Gruppe ICB gaben in Ruhe lediglich am 1. postoperativen Tag signifikant geringere Schmerzen an (U-Test: p 〈 0,05). Sonst ergaben sich weder bzgl. der Schmerzscores (VAS) noch bei der Betrachtung der Lungenfunktionsparameter oder der Incidenz von Nebenwirkungen statistisch signifikante Unterschiede. Auch nach Thoracoskopien treten behandlungsbedürftige Schmerzen auf – wenngleich schwächer und kürzer anhaltend als nach Thoracotomien. Eine signifikante Reduktion des Opioidverbrauches durch Einsatz der Regionalanalgesietechniken (ICB, IPA) war unter den Bedingungen der vorliegenden Studie nicht zu beobachten. Zur Schmerztherapie nach thoracoskopischen Eingriffen ist der Einsatz dieser Verfahren demnach nicht in jedem Falle obligat, da sich eine Kombination aus PCA mit Opioiden und ggf. eine Supplementierung mit Metamizol als zufriedenstellend erwies.
    Notes: Summary. Systemic opioids and thoracic epidural analgesia are common techniques used to provide post-operative analgesia following thoracoscopy (video-assisted thoracic surgery). The aim of the present prospective randomised study was to evaluate the efficacy of two less invasive analgesic techniques, intercostal blocks (ICB) and interpleural analgesia (IPA). After approval from the ethics committee and informed consent from the patients, 36 patients scheduled for thoracoscopic surgery were randomly assigned to a group for postoperative pain management: group ICB: intercostal blocks of the segments involved with 5 ml 0.5 % bupivacaine at the end of surgery and 6 h later; group IPA: interpleural analgesia with 20 ml 0.25 % bupivacaine applied every 4 h using a catheter placed during surgery near the apex of the interpleural space; control group: IV-opiod-PCA with piritamide. Patients in the ICB and IPA groups had access to pain relief by PCA with piritramide as well. Additional medication for all groups if the analgesia was insufficient consisted of metamizol. There were no significant differences in piritramide consumption between the two regional analgesia groups and the control group up to the 3rd and 7th postoperative day. Up to the 7th day piritramide consumption in group ICB was 78 mg, in group IPA 75 mg and 80 mg in the control group. Patients in group ICB showed significantly less pain at rest measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) on the 1st postoperative day (U-test, P 〈 0.05), but otherwise there were no statistical differences regarding pain scores. Respiratory parameters such as forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, peak flow and the Tiffeneau test (FVC, FEV1, PF, FEV1/FVC) were reduced significantly after thoracoscopy and showed a slow recovery in all three groups without significant intergroup differences. Thoracoscopic surgery causes less and shorter lasting pain in comparison to thoracotomy. Nevertheless, effective pain management is necessary. We could not demonstrate a significant reduction in piritramide consumption for the techniques of regional analgesia tested here (ICB, IPA). We conclude that the use of these techniques is not complementary after thoracoscopy, since an opioid (PCA with piritramide) combined with a non-opioid (metamizol) resulted in satisfactory analgesia.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words BCG-instillation therapy ; Colony-stimulating factors ; Cellular cytotoxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) are used clinically in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression and in support of bone marrow transplantation. As CSF are known to have pleiotropic functions, their effects on cellular cytotoxicity were analysed in vitro against bladder carcinoma cell lines. By means of an L-[3H]methionine-release assay, the cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells against the natural-killer(NK)-cell-resistant bladder carcinoma cell lines BT-A and SBC-7 was measured using different effector/target-cell ratios. Costimulatory effects of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3) and stem cell factor (SCF) on the generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK), bacillus Calmette-Guérin-activated killer (BAK) and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity were investigated in this assay. Furthermore, the effect of CSF on proliferation of urothelial tumor cells in vitro was determined by a [3H]thymidine DNA-labelling technique. GM-CSF, but not G-CSF, IL-3 or SCF, was able to increase NK, BAK and LAK cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. No acceleration of carcinoma cell proliferation was evident under the conditions of our assay. These data indicate the costimulatory effect of GM-CSF on cellular cytotoxicity, which might be used for immunotherapeutic purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 71 (1993), S. 787-790 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Bladder cancer ; Bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy ; Bacille Calmette-Guérin tuberculosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunotherapy using bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has gained increasing acceptance in the management of superficial bladder cancer. Systemic reactions after intravesical instillation of BCG are rare. However, when the therapy is complicated, the lung often becomes involved. Since the pathogenesis of lung infiltrates after immunotherapy is unknown, we report on a patient who developed a lung infiltrate after receiving BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer. The infectious etiology was established by culture confirmation of a BCG strain in the broncheoalveolar lavage fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary According to literature, 16 to 35% of operatively removed renal stones harbour bacteria. The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis with enoxacin in reducing the rate of bacteriuria after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was investigated in a prospective randomized study. Twenty-five patients received a single 400 mg dose of enoxacin one hour before ESWL, 25 patients did not receive an antibiotic. It was found that a single 400 mg dose of enoxacin one hour before ESWL can reduce the rate of bacteriuria significantly.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, daß bei 16–35% operativ entfernter Steine in diesen Bakterien gefunden werden. Diese Studie versucht die Frage zu beantworten, ob eine antibiotische Prophylaxe mit Enoxacin die Häufigkeit der Bakteriurie nach ESWL reduzieren kann. In einer prospektiven randomisierten Studie erhielten 25 Patienten eine einmalige Dosis von 400 mg Enoxacin eine Stunde vor ESWL, 25 Patienten erhielten kein Antibiotikum. Es zeigte sich, daß eine einmalige Dosis von 400 mg Enoxacin eine Stunde vor ESWL die Häufigkeit der Bakteriurie signifikant reduzieren kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 384 (1999), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Key words Tumor metastases ; Angiogenesis ; Anoikis ; Tumor-host interaction ; Immunologic escape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Introduction: During the past decade, the molecular mechanisms in the process of tumor metastases and angiogenesis have become better understood. Discussion: The development of metastases requires complex molecular interactions in the detachment of tumor cells from solid tumors, the degradation of the extracellular matrix, escape from apoptosis, locomotion in the extracellular matrix, immunologic escape in the circulation, adhesion to endothelial cells, and extravasation from the circulation at the target site of metastasis and induction of angiogenesis. Conclusion: The increasing knowledge of these complex mechanisms offers new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of malignant diseases. This article will give an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of metastases and angiogenesis, and their clinical implications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-8726
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intravesical immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against recurrences of superficial bladder cancer and carcinoma in situ is a highly effective regimen in urology. Despite intensive efforts to clarify the immunological mechanisms of the most successful immunotherapy known today, the cellular mechanism of its antitumor activity remains unknown. In our approach to elucidate the way of action of intravesical BCG, we applied an in vitro adhesion assay to investigate the interaction of radiolabeled BCG with urothelial bladder-tumor cells. We demonstrated a BCG dose-dependent binding to bladder-tumor cell lines derived from tumors of different gradings. The binding of BCG is apparently specific, since competition experiments showed an inhibition by nonradioactive BCG but not by Escherichia coli. We also found that there was no difference between the binding of living or heat-killed mycobacteria. Control experiments showed only a low affinity of BCG for fibroblasts, smooth-muscle cells, and endothelial cells in comparison with the tumor cells. Furthermore, we investigated the role of fibronectin as an adhesion molecule that is also present in the bladder wall. We demonstrated that BCG was capable of binding to fibronectin-coated surfaces in a dose-dependent manner. However, competitive binding assays failed to reveal an inhibition of the binding of BCG to bladder-tumor cells by anti-fibronectin. Furthermore, binding was not influenced by soluble fibronectin. These data suggest that the in vitro attachment of BCG to bladder-tumor cells appears not to be mediated by fibronectin. In electron microscope studies an adhesion of BCG to bladder-tumor cells was observed after an incubation period of only 30 min. After 24 h of incubation, we saw in addition that tumor cell lines of all different gradings had phagocytosed the mycobacteria. The phagocytosed mycobacteria within vacuoles were in various states of structural integrity ranging from completely intact to almost fully disintegrated. In contrast, fibroblasts were incapable of engulfing BCG. We conclude that BCG can bind to bladder-tumor cells in a specific manner and can be phagocytosed by these cells. Tumor cells of all gradings showed this behavior, but fibroblasts did not. The specific interaction observed between BCG and bladder-tumor cells of all gradings might be an important step in the development of antitumor defense mechanisms in bladder cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: BCG vaccine ; Immunotherapy ; Bladder cancer ; Cytotoxicity ; NK-cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previously we had shown that, upon activation with viable bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) could be rendered cytotoxic against otherwise insensitive natural killer (NK)-resistant bladder cancer cell lines. This phenomenon had been termed the BCG-activated killer (BAK) cell phenomenon. By means of depletion and enrichment procedures of mononuclear cell subpopulations derived from BCG-activated PBMNC we further characterized the cytolytic BAK effector cells functionally in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay against the bladder carcinoma cell line BT-A and phenotypically in their pathway of activation. Neither macrophages nor CD4+ T-helper/inducer cells exerted cytotoxic BAK activity. This cytotoxicity was restricted to the CD8-CD56+ subpopulation of T-cytotoxic/NK cells. Furthermore, activation of BAK cells via interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was evidenced by the complete inhibition of BAK cell generation with an IFN-γ antibody.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Onkologe 3 (1997), S. 265-271 
    ISSN: 1433-0415
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Die Lebenserwartung der Patienten mit Harnblasenkarzinom ist sehr unterschiedlich: Patienten mit oberflächlichen Harnblasenkarzinomen (Stadien pTa, pT1 und Carcinoma in situ) haben nach transurethraler Elektroresektion, evtl. mit anschließender intravesikaler Chemo- oder Immuntherapie, eine relativ gute Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit von 80–100% nach 5 Jahren [47]. Die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit muskelinfiltrierender Tumoren des Stadiums pT2 oder tiefer infiltrierender Stadien (T3a, T3b und T4) ist deutlich schlechter. Die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate liegt auch bei den Patienten, die vermeintlich durch eine radikale Operation geheilt sind, unter 50%. In den Tumorstadien T3a und T3b wurden meist nur noch 3-Jahres-Überlebensraten angegeben, diese liegen unter 40–50% [24, 26]. Zur Beeinflussung dieser schlechten Prognose ist einerseits eine genaue Ursachenanalyse, andererseits ein entschlossenes therapeutisches Vorgehen nötig. Die folgende Übersicht beschäftigt sich mit den Ursachen der reduzierten Lebenserwartung und stellt Behandlungsmöglichkeiten sowie deren Erfolgsaussichten dar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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