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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A direct projection from the medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal dorsal horn of the rat, as demonstrated by anterograde and retrograde tracing (1992)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 185 (1992), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Spinal cord ; Dorsal horn ; Tracing study ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were iontophoretically injected into different parts of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the rat. Injections centered into the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus revealed a vestibulospinal projection predominantly to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord, besides the expected projection to the intermediate zone (IZ) and ventral horn (VH). While most of the anterogradely labelled fibres could be localized in laminae III to V, some scattered fibres were also seen in laminae I and VI. Lamina II remained free of labelling. The dorsal horn (DH) area with detectable anterograde labelling showed a rostrocaudal extension from C1-C6. Injections into other parts of the VNC labelled fibres and terminals in the IZ and VH while the DH remained almost free of labelling. Additionally, fluorogold and wheat germ agglutininhorseradish peroxidase were pressure- or iontophoretically injected at different levels into the spinal cord to confirm the projection to the dorsal horn by means of retrograde tracing. Labelled neurons in the area of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), from which anterograde labelling in the DH was obtained, were only detectable after fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections into the cervical spinal cord, in particular its DH. This projection from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord probably enables the VNC to influence sensory processing in the DH, in addition to its well-established influence on posture and locomotion via projections to the intermediate zone and ventral horn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213603
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    5′-Nucleotidase in spinal meningeal compartments in the rat (1992)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 98 (1992), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of 5′-nucleotidase (5′-Nu) is reported in spinal meninges of the rat on the basis of an immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical investigation. Strong immunoreactivity was found in the arachnoid membrane and in the sheaths of the spinal roots as well as in septa subdividing the roots. Also the superficial layer of the ligamentum denticulatum showed enzyme staining. No immunoreactivity could be detected in the pia mater or along the spinal nerve roots outside the subarachnoid space. Within the arachnoid mater the immunoreactivity was concentrated in the basal zone of the arachnoid membrane, thus appearing as a narrow fluorescent band near the border of the dura. An accentuation of immunoreactivity could be observed in areas where small dural blood vessels approach the subarachnoid space. It is well known that adenine nucleotides released from neural and glial cells of the central nervous system finally reach the cerebrospinal fluid. We presume that 5′-Nu in the arachnoid membrane and spinal root sheaths is responsible for the conversion of adenine nucleotides into adenosine and that this conversion is associated with the reabsorption process of cerebrospinal fluid which most probably also takes place in spinal meninges. Adenosine, the product of 5′-nucleotidase, could play a role in the reabsorption process by its vasodilatatory effect on dural and epidural vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00717005
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 79 (1990), S. 405-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Spinal ganglia ; Retrograde tracing ; Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) ; Neck afferents ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was microiontophoretically injected into the vestibular nuclear complex of the rat. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in ipsilateral spinal ganglia C2-C3 only if the injection site was in the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Injections into rostral parts of the MVN, the superior, lateral and descending vestibular nuclei (SVN, LVN, DVN), the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and the reticular formation did not result in spinal ganglion labeling. Thus, the caudal part of the MVN appears to be the main vestibular termination site for rostral cervical primary afferents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00608252
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomical study of the arterial blood supply of the skin of the lower leg (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 3 (1990), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: vessel pattern ; muscular ; cutaneous ; variability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The arteries leaving the intermuscular fissures of the lower leg form six constant rows. Two further vascular groups emerge from the lateral and the medial heads of the gastrocnemius muscle. The vessels form a fine epifascial network, the radial and longitudinal meshes of which anastomose together. The epifascial network is complemented by a weaker, subfascial one. The arteries can be subdivided into cutaneous, musculocutaneous, and cutaneomuscular groups, corresponding to their supplying areas. A significant difference in vessel pattern could not be found between the left and the right lower leg of the same person. The different areas of supply are constant in the middle one-third of the lower leg, but vary considerably in the upper one-third and moderately in the lower one-third. The borders of the different areas show interlocking patterns.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980030107
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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