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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The central projections of primary afferent neurons of greater splanchnic and intercostal nerves in the rat (1986)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 174 (1986), S. 123-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Visceral afferents ; Somatic afferents ; Splanchnic nerve ; Dorsal column nuclei ; Sympathetic neurons ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The central projections of primary afferent fibers of the greater splanchnic nerve of the rat were investigated using the transganglionic horseradish peroxidase transport technique. In addition, the corresponding spinal ganglion cells and the preganglionic sympathetic neurons were demonstrated. For comparing visceral and somatic afferents, intercostal nerve afferents were labelled by the same technique. Splanchnic afferent dorsal root ganglion cells were found at segments T3 to T13 ipsilaterally, with the greatest density at T8 to T12. Labelled cells represented about 10%–15% of all neurons in the ganglia at maximal projection levels. They were randomly distributed within individual ganglia. The great majority were medium to small sized and round to slightly oval in shape. In the spinal cord, labelled visceral afferent axons were found maximally at T8 to T11, but could be detected in decreasing density up to T1 and down to L1. They were distributed over Lissauer's tract and the dorsal funiculus to a medial and lateral collateral pathway (MCP and LCP, respectively). The MCP, somewhat more prominent than the LCP, was destined primarily to clustered presumptive terminal fields in medial lamina I and outermost lamina IIa. Only a few axons continued further to laminae V and X. Splanchnic afferent axons, most likely derived from the MCP, formed a longitudinal bundle ventral to the central canal. The LCP consisted of more or less well-defined axon bundles emanating from the lateral Lissauer's tract and curving round the lateral edge of the dorsal horn and through the dorsolateral funiculus. Presumptive terminal sites of LCP axons are the lateral laminae I and IIa, the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus and the dorsal part of lamina V. A few LCP axons were seen in the vicinity of lateral dendrites of preganglionic sympathetic axons. Visceroafferent terminals were absent from laminae IIb–IV and VII. The possible consequences of the MCP/LCP duality for the central connections of splanchnic afferents are discussed. Some splanchnic afferents ascended to the gracile and cuneate nuclei, and rarely to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These results fit into the general concept of visceroafferent terminal organization that has emerged during the last few years. Differences to other reports in the detailed arrangement of fibers and terminals are discussed. Somatoafferent cell bodies represented the vast majority of neurons in the respective spinal ganglia. Cell sizes encompassed the whole range from very small to very large without a clear predominance of one particular size class. Cell shapes of somatic neurons were more variable than those of visceral afferent neurons. Somatic afferent fibers and presumptive terminals in the spinal cord are distributed ipsilaterally to dorsal horn laminae I–V, most heavily II–IV, to the nucleus dorsalis Clarke, to the ventral horn, and also sparsely to the dorsal horn contralaterally. Labelled preganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in segments T3–T13. The vast majority was located in the intermediolateral nucleus. Fewer neurons occurred in the intercalated nucleus, and occasionally a neuron was labelled in the dorsal grey commissure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318344
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A direct projection from the medial vestibular nucleus to the cervical spinal dorsal horn of the rat, as demonstrated by anterograde and retrograde tracing (1992)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 185 (1992), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Spinal cord ; Dorsal horn ; Tracing study ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase were iontophoretically injected into different parts of the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) of the rat. Injections centered into the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus revealed a vestibulospinal projection predominantly to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord, besides the expected projection to the intermediate zone (IZ) and ventral horn (VH). While most of the anterogradely labelled fibres could be localized in laminae III to V, some scattered fibres were also seen in laminae I and VI. Lamina II remained free of labelling. The dorsal horn (DH) area with detectable anterograde labelling showed a rostrocaudal extension from C1-C6. Injections into other parts of the VNC labelled fibres and terminals in the IZ and VH while the DH remained almost free of labelling. Additionally, fluorogold and wheat germ agglutininhorseradish peroxidase were pressure- or iontophoretically injected at different levels into the spinal cord to confirm the projection to the dorsal horn by means of retrograde tracing. Labelled neurons in the area of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), from which anterograde labelling in the DH was obtained, were only detectable after fluorogold and wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections into the cervical spinal cord, in particular its DH. This projection from the caudal medial vestibular nucleus to the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord probably enables the VNC to influence sensory processing in the DH, in addition to its well-established influence on posture and locomotion via projections to the intermediate zone and ventral horn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213603
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peculiarities of innervation of the head and neck (1998)
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 27 (1998), S. 794-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Keywords: Key words Craniocervical transition • Neck proprioceptors • Nociceptors • Brainstem • Whiplash injury ; Schlüsselwörter Kraniozervikaler Übergang • Halspropriozeptoren • Nozizeptoren • Hirnstamm • Schleudertrauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Innervation des Kopf-Halsbereichs weist vor allem auf der afferenten Seite distinkte Unterschiede zur Innervation des Rumpfes und der Extremitäten auf. Während Hautafferenzen zum spinalen Hinterhorn und zum Nucleus cuneatus projizieren, zeichnen sich dickkalibrige Muskelafferenzen durch ihre direkte Projektion zum Nucleus cuneatus externus und vor allem zum Vestibulariskernkomplex aus. Letztere Projektion ist am deutlichsten aus den Spinalnerven C2 und 3 und nimmt nach kaudal rasch an Dichte ab. So gewinnen propriozeptive Halsafferenzen direkten, „ungefilterten“ Zugang zu vestibulospinalen, vestibulookulomotorischen und anderen Neuronen des Vestibularkerngebietes, an denen wiederum die Afferenzen aus dem Labyrinth endigen. Aber auch propriozeptiver Einstrom zu den Vestibulariskernen über ein spinales Relais und spinovestibuläre Bahnen ist aus C2 und C3 wesentlich stärker ausgeprägt als aus unteren Zervikal- und Thorakolumbalsegmenten. Auch dünnkalibrige, vorwiegend nozizeptive Afferenzen aus zervikalen Segmenten scheinen über die Parabrachialkerne in der rostralen Brücke andere, insbesondere limbische Strukturen zu erreichen als thorakolumbale Afferenzen. Es liegt nahe, diese Besonderheiten der Innervation für Erklärungsversuche der schillernden Symptomatik der Schleudertraumafolgen heranzuziehen.
    Notes: Summary Innervation of the head and neck differs from other regions of the body in certain respects. In particular, besides the external cuneate nucleus, thick-calibre neck muscle afferents project directly, to the vestibular nuclear complex. This projection is most prominent in segments C2 and 3 and is sparse or absent in more caudal segments. Thus, proprioceptive neck muscle afferents gain direct access to vestibulospinal, vestibulooculomotor and other secondary or even higher order vestibular neurons that receive labyrinthine input. Proprioceptive input via indirect spinovestibular pathways is also most prominent from C2 and 3 compared to more caudal levels. Likewise, thin calibre, mainly nociceptive afferents from cervical segments are channelled via the parabrachial nuclei in the rostral pons to limbic structures different from the targets of thoracolumbar afferents. It is tempting to consider these neuroantomical peculiarities relevant for the pathogenesis of the puzzling symptoms after whiplash injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00003466
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cervical primary afferent input to vestibular nuclei as demonstrated by retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in the rat (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 79 (1990), S. 405-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Vestibular nuclei ; Spinal ganglia ; Retrograde tracing ; Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) ; Neck afferents ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (WGA-HRP) was microiontophoretically injected into the vestibular nuclear complex of the rat. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in ipsilateral spinal ganglia C2-C3 only if the injection site was in the caudal part of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Injections into rostral parts of the MVN, the superior, lateral and descending vestibular nuclei (SVN, LVN, DVN), the nucleus of the solitary tract (STN) and the reticular formation did not result in spinal ganglion labeling. Thus, the caudal part of the MVN appears to be the main vestibular termination site for rostral cervical primary afferents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00608252
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase staining in rat and human pancreas: influence of fixation (1994)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 102 (1994), S. 353-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we wished to clarify the distribution and co-localization of nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) in nerve cells, nerve fibres and parenchymal cells in exocrine and endocrine pancreas, and to assess the influence of fixation on the staining pattern obtained. For this purpose, we applied nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry and NADPH-d histochemistry to rat and human pancreas under different fixation conditions. Antibodies to neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were similarly applied. We found complete co-localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and NADPH-d in ganglion cells, and in nerve fibres around acini, excretory ducts, blood vessels and in islets of Langerhans of rat and human pancreas. Immunoreactivity for endothelial nitric oxide synthase was co-localized with NADPH-d in endothelial cells. However, in NADPH-d reactive islet and ductal epithelial cells we could detect neither brain nor endothelial nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity with any fixation protocol applied. There were marked differences in NADPH-d staining of both neurons and parenchymal cells under different fixation conditions. These results indicate the existence of different types of NADPH-d, which are associated or not associated with nitric oxide synthase(s), and which are differently influenced by various fixation procedures in rat and human pancreas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00268906
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraganglionic laminar endings and their relationships with neuronal and glial structures of myenteric ganglia in the esophagus of rat and mouse (2000)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 122 (2000), S. 445-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: VGLUT2 ; Glutamate ; Substance P ; ENS ; Chemical coding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: AbstractIntraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) represent the only vagal mechanosensory terminals in the tunica muscularis of the esophagus and may be involved in local reflex control. We recently detected extensive though not complete colocalization of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) with markers for IGLEs. To elucidate this colocalization mismatch, this study aimed at identifying markers for nitrergic, cholinergic, peptidergic, and adrenergic neurons and glial cells, which may colocalize with VGLUT2 outside of IGLEs. Confocal imaging revealed, besides substantial colocalization of VGLUT2 and substance P (SP), no other significant colocalizations of VGLUT2 and immunoreactivity for any of these markers within the same varicosities. However, we found close contacts of VGLUT2-positive structures to vesicular acetylcholine transporter, choline acetyltransferase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, galanin, neuropeptide Y, and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactive cell bodies and varicosities, as well as to glial cells. Neuronal perikarya were never positive for VGLUT2. Thus, VGLUT2 was almost exclusively found in IGLEs and may serve as a specific marker for them. In addition, many IGLEs also contained SP. The close contacts established by IGLEs to myenteric cell bodies, dendrites, and varicose fibers suggest that IGLEs modulate various types of enteric neurons and vice versa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00418-004-0703-z
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Close anatomical relationships between nerve fibers and MHC class II-expressing dendritic cells in the rat liver and extrahepatic bile duct (1998)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 109 (1998), S. 409-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The anatomical relationships between immunocytochemically identified nerve fibers and MHC class II-expressing antigen presenting dendritic cells were investigated in the rat hepatobiliary system using immunocytochemistry, confocal laser scanning, and electron microscopy. Close proximity of nerve fiber varicosities immunostained for PGP 9.5 and MHC class II-expressing dendritic cells was frequently observed in the wall of extrahepatic bile ducts, in Glisson’s area, around central and hepatic veins, and in the liver capsule. Contacts between nerve fibers staining for substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, calretinin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and dendritic cells were more often observed around extrahepatic bile ducts than in Glisson’s area. Nerve fibers immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were numerous both in the wall of extrahepatic bile ducts and in Glisson’s area and frequently contacted dendritic cells there. At the ultrastructural level, close membrane contacts between bare axolemmal areas of unmyelinated nerve fibers and processes of MHC class II-expressing cells were observed. These results demonstrate close anatomical relationships of nerve fibers from various sources with antigen presenting dendritic cells in the visceral domain and suggest modulation of antigen presentation by the autonomic nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050242
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonvagal origin of galanin-containing nerve terminals innervating striated muscle fibers of the rat esophagus (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 292 (1998), S. 453-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nucleus ambiguus ; Enteric nervous system ; Motor endplate ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Coinnervation ; Anterograde tracing ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We investigated the origin of galanin-positive nerve fibers on motor endplates in rat esophagus using anterograde 1,1′-dioleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methane sulfonate (DiI) tracing from the nucleus ambiguus combined with galanin immunocytochemistry and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunocytochemistry. To demonstrate spatial relationships of galanin-positive nerve fibers to vagal and enteric nerve fibers on motor endplates, we combined galanin immunocytochemistry with calcitonin gene-related peptide immunostaining for labeling of vagal terminals, and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry for demonstration of enteric nerve fibers. Within fine varicose nerve fibers, galanin was colocalized with vasoactive intestinal peptide and NADPH-diaphorase to a high degree and turned out to be completely separated from calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive or anterogradely DiI-labeled vagal motor terminals. These results indicate that the enteric nervous system is the most important and possibly the only source of galanin-positive nerve terminals on motor endplates in rat esophagus. Galanin may be, in addition to nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal peptide, a mediator of the enteric coinnervation of striated muscle in this organ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051074
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulmonary intraepithelial vagal nodose afferent nerve terminals are confined to neuroepithelial bodies: an anterograde tracing and confocal microscopy study in adult rats (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 293 (1998), S. 395-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Lung ; Neuroendocrine system ; Neuroepithelial bodies ; Innervation ; Neuronal tracing ; DiI ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our present understanding of the morphology of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) in mammalian lungs is comprehensive. Several hypotheses have been put forward regarding their function but none has been proven conclusively. Microscopic data on the innervation that appears to affect the reaction of NEBs to stimuli have given rise to conflicting interpretations. The aim of this study has been to check the validity of the hypothesis that pulmonary NEBs receive an extensive vagal sensory innervation. The fluorescent neuronal tracer DiI was injected into the vagal sensory nodose ganglion and NEBs were visualized in toto by using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy on 100-µm-thick frozen sections of the lungs of adult rats. The most striking finding was the extensive intraepithelial terminal arborizations of DiI-labelled vagal afferents in intrapulmonary airways, apparently always co-appearing with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive NEBs. Not all NEBs received a traced nerve fibre. Intrapulmonary CGRP-containing nerve fibres, including those innervating NEBs, always appeared to belong to a nerve fibre population different from the DiI-traced fibres and hence did not arise from the nodose ganglion. Therefore, at least some of the pulmonary NEBs in adult rats are supplied with sensory nerve fibres that originate from the vagal nodose ganglion and form beaded ramifications between the NEB cells, thus providing support for the hypothesis of a receptor function for NEBs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051131
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