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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diclofenac sodium ; gut ; manometry ; motility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In experimental animal models nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may influence gastrointestinal motility, but as evidence is lacking in man. The effect of diclofenac sodum 75 mg i.m. on the motor response of the upper gastrointestinal tract to food has been studied by manometry in 9 healthy volunteers. Diclofenac had no effect on the motor activity of the stomach, duodenum, or jejunum after a 605 kcal meal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, has been shown to have gastric prokinetic effects and has been proposed as an alternative therapeutic option for diabetic gastroparesis. However, its efficacy has not yet been compared with that of other prokinetic drugs.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aims:The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of erythromycin (250 mg 60 min before meals) and cisapride (10 mg 30 min before meals) on gastric emptying of healthy subjects and insulin-dependent diabetics.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Patients and methods:Six type 1 diabetic patients with a previous scintigraphic demonstration of gastroparesis and five healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Gastric emptying was scintigraphically studied by labelling the solid component of a standard test meal. Three scintigraphic studies, spaced at least 3 days apart, were carried out on each subject, basally and after erythromycin or cisapride.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Cisapride significantly accelerated gastric emptying in both the healthy subjects and the diabetic patients without any significant effect on the lag-time, whereas erythromycin in addition to a significant improvement of the overall gastric emptying also showed a pronounced effect on the lag-time in both groups (controls 25 ± 5 vs. 37 ± 8 min, P≤0.04; diabetics 65 ± 11 vs. 112 ± 16 min, P〈0.03).〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions:Erythromycin may represent an effective therapeutic alternative to more established forms of treatment in patients with diabetic gastroparesis, especially when other drugs have failed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: An optimal stimulation of CD4+ cells in an immune response requires not only signals transduced via the TcR/CD3 complex, but also costimulatory signals delivered as a consequence of interactions between T-cell surface-associated costimulatory receptors and their counterparts on antigen-presenting cells ‘APC). The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 ‘ICAM-1, CD54) efficiently costimulates proliferation of resting, but not antigen-specific, T cells. In contrast, CD28 and CD2 support interleukin ‘IL)-2 synthesis and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells more efficiently than those of resting T cells. The molecular basis for this differential costimulation of T cells is poorly understood. Cypress-specific T-cell clones ‘TCC) were generated from four allergic subjects during in vivo seasonal exposure to the allergen. Purified cypress extract was produced directly from fresh collected pollen and incubated with the patients' mononuclear cells. Repeated allergen stimulation was performed in T-cell cultures supplemented with purified extract and autologous APC. The limiting-dilution technique was then adopted to generate allergen-specific TCC, which were also characterized by their cytokine secretion pattern as ThO ‘IL-4 plus interferon-gamma) or Th2 ‘IL-4). Costimulation-induced proliferation or apoptosis was measured by propidium iodide cytofluorometric assay. By cross-linking cypress-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell clones with either anti-CD3 or anti-CD2, anti-CD28, and anti-CD54 monoclonal antibodies, we demonstrated that CD4+ clones ‘with ThO- or Th2-type cytokine production pattern) undergo programmed cell death only after anti-CD3 stimulation, whereas costimulation with either anti-CD54 or anti-CD28 protects target cells from apoptosis. The costimulation-induced protection from apoptotic death was associated with a significant rise in IL-4 secretion in both Th0 and Th2-type clones. In contrast, cypress-specific Th0 CD8+ clones were more susceptible to stimulation-induced apoptosis via either anti-CD3 or anti-CD2, alone or in combination with anti-CD54 or anti-CD28, thus displaying only slight but nonsignificant modifications in the pattern of IL-4 secretion. The death-promoting costimulatory effects were not observed with highly purified normal resting CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that TcR engagement by an allergen in the context of functionally active APC induces activation-dependent cell death of some, perhaps less specific, cells, and this may be an important homeostatic mechanism through which functional expansion of allergen-specific T cells is regulated during an ongoing immune response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 57 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 10 (1995), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le côlon humain est probablement le viscère creux de l'abdomen dont on connaît le moins l'activité motrice. Ceci résults de plusieurs facteurs: a) la partie proximale est relativement inaccessible pour des raisons anatomiques; b) il n'y a pas de modèle animal fiable en raison des différences anatomo-physiologiques considérables qui existent chez les mammifères. Par example, la plupart des déductions quant à l'activité motrice du côlon humain, résultent d'expériences chez les chats et les chiens dont le côlon présente un caecum le plus souvent atrophique et dont l'aspect est sans particularité, en forme de C, sans les haustrations et les angulations aiguës que l'on observe chez l'homme; c) les grandes fluctuations que l'on observe dans la motilité d'un même individu au cours d'une journée rendent difficiles l'interprétation de nombreuses études, particulièrement si l'on considère le fait que, jusqu'à une date récente, la plupart des études menées chez l'homme sur la motilité colique, comportaient des enregistrements sur des périodes relativement courtes (30 à 180 min). Récement, toutefois, des techniques permenttant des enregistrements de la partie proximale du côlon humain ont été développées autorisant des observations prolongées (24 h et plus) de l'activité myoélectrique et contractile permettant d'améliorer nos connaissances des propriétés physiologiques normales de cet organe. Ces données ont été intégrées par ailleurs et confirmées par des techniques scintigraphiques moins invasives permettant des mesures des flux intra-coliques. Le but de l'article présent est de faire une revue des aspects physiologiques de la motilité colique chez l'homme tout en citant les études animales lorsque des études identiques font défaut chez l'homme. Nous introduirons brièvement quelques concepts de base puis une description plus détaillée du sujet principal.
    Notes: Abstract From the point of view of its motor activity, the human colon is probably the least understood of the abdominal hollow viscera. This is due to several facts: a) its proximal portions are relatively inaccessible due to anatomical reasons; b) there is no reliable animal model due to the considerable anatomic-physiological differences among mammals. For instance, most deductions about human colonic motor activity have been drawn from experiences in cats and dogs, in which the colon displays a cecum which is almost atrophic, and the viscus is featureless and C-shaped, without the haustrations and the sharp angulations seen in man [1], c) the wide fluctuations of motility in the daily time course of the same individual makes the interpretation of many studies difficult [2, 3, 4], especially considering the fact that, until recently, most of the studies on human colonic motility have been conducted for relatively short (30–180 min) recording periods [5]. Recently, however, techniques that allow recording from the proximal portions of the human colon have been developed, and prolonged (24 h or more) observations of myoelectrical and contractile events have been achieved, thus improving our knowledge of the normal physiologic properties of the viscus [6, 7]. These informations have furthermore been integrated and confirmed by scintigraphic techniques (less invasive), that allow the measurement of intracolonic flow activity [8, 9]. The purpose of the present paper is to review the physiological aspects of colonic motility in man, quoting animal studies where human ones are lacking. We will briefly introduce some basic concepts, then a more detailed description of the main topic will follow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 12 (1997), S. 246-253 
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé. Buts: Etablir des données quantitatives à l'aide d'une technique d'imagerie axiale moderne (CT) afin de définir des valeurs physiologiques normales des struc-tures pelviennes. Matériel et méthode: Vingt-sept sujets, 7 hommes et 20 femmes, âgés de 20 à 75 ans (moyenne 46,3±5 ans) ne présentant pas de dysfonction du plancher pelvien ou de la défécation ont été soumis à un CT-Scan avec des coupes frontales directes du pelvis, le patient étant en position assise au lieu de coucher. Les coupes ont été obtenues au repos et en effort d'exonération en utilisant des repères osseux identiques. Trois compartiments anatomiques ont été identifiés, l'antérieur, le moyen et le postérieur, à l'aide de deux plans tracés tangentiellement ou trou ischiatique et à la tubérosité ischiatique respectivement. Des mesures de (1), la longueur du releveur de l'anus (mm), (2) l'angle en degré du releveur de l'anus, (3), la distance en mm du plancher rectal aligne la ligne ischiatique et (4) la surface en cm2 des espaces supra- et infralévatoriens ont été réalisés indépendamment par deux radiologues à deux reprises. Des analyses statistiques ont inclus le calcul de l'agrément intra- et inter-observateur (coefficient de corrélation). Les différences entre les valeurs au repos et à l'effort de chacun des compartiments (le test T de Student) et la corrélation entre les différents paramètres (le coefficient de Pearson) ont été déterminées pour évaluer si les valeurs de repos permettent une prédiction de ceux obtenus en phase d'effort. Résultats: Des coupes coronales permettant un diagnostic de qualité ont été obtenues au CT-Scan chez tous les patients à l'exception de deux (92,5%). La corrélation intra- et inter-observateurs a montré des indices toujours supérieurs à 80% (à l'exception d'une valeur de 0,63 chez un observateur lors de la mesure de l'espace infralévatorien dans le compartiment antérieur au repos). Une différence significative a été obtenue pour tous les paramètres mesurés au repos et à l'effort dans les trois compartiments. Au repos, la longueur du muscle releveur était significativement plus courte et l'espace supralévatorien plus petit dans le compartiment postérieur (48,3±7,9 mm vs 48,8±7 mm vs 42,6±9,4 mm, P〈0.05 et 70,6±cm2 vs 66,9±11,5 cm2 vs 27,2±4,8 cm2, P〈0.01 dans l'espace antérieur moyen et postérieur respectivement). A l'effort, ces deux paramètres augmentent de plus 42% et plus 17,8% dans un même compartiment alors que la variation la plus importante survient dans l'espace infralévatorien dans le compartiment moyen (–51,1%). L'augmentation de l'espace supralévatorien est corrélée avec une diminution de la distance entre le plancher rectal et la ligne ischiatique et un élargissement de l'angle anolévatorien (r=–0,64, P〈0,01 et 0,48 P〈0,05 respectivement). Une corrélation étroite a été observée au repos et a l'effort pour tous les paramètres en particulier dans l'espace supralévatorien au niveau des trois compartiments (r=0,82, 0,93 et 0,88, P〈0,01). Conclusion: Des coupes coronales au CT-Scan montrent que lors de l'effort d'exonération, le releveur de l'anus, c'est-à-dire le muscle coccygien subit au niveau du compartiment postérieur une élongation physiologique et que l'espace supralévatorien agit comme une cavité d'expansion dont le comportement peut être prédit au repos.
    Notes: Abstract. Purpose: To provide quantitative data by a modern cross-sectional imaging technique (CT) for defining normal physiological values of pelvic floor structures. Patients and methods: Twenty seven subjects, 7 males, 20 females, aged 20 – 75 yrs (mean 46.3±5 yrs) without pelvic floor or defecation dysfunction underwent Direct Coronal (DC) CT scanning of the pelvis with the patient seated instead of lying. Scans obtained at rest and on straining were compared by bony landmarks. Three anatomical compartments, i. e. anterior, middle and posterior, were identified by two planes drawn tangential to the ischial for-amina and the ischial tuberosities, respectively. Measurements of (1) Levator ani muscle length (mm); (2) Levator-anal angle (degrees); (3) Rectal floor-to-ischial line distance (mm) and (4) Supra/Infralevator spaces (square cm) were independently performed twice by two radiologists. The statistical analysis included calculation of intra and interobserver agreement (correlation coefficient). The differences between the means of the resting and straining values from each compartment (Student's t test) and the correlation between parameters (Pearson's coefficient) to evaluate whether resting values allowed a prediction of those on straining were determined. Results: DC scans of diagnostic quality were obtained in all but two patients (92.5%). Both intra- and interobserver agreement indices were always greater than 80% (except for a 0.63 value by one observer obtained in the infralevator space from the anterior compartment at rest). A significant difference between the resting and straining values of all parameters was noted in the three compartments. At rest the levator ani muscle length was significantly shorter and the supralevator space smaller in the posterior compartment (48.3±7.9 mm vs 48.8±7 mm vs 42.6±9.4 mm, P〈0.05 and 70.6±cm2 vs 66.9±11.5 cm2 vs 27.2±4.8 cm2, P〈0.01 anterior, middle and posterior respectively). On straining, these two parameters increased by +42% and +17.8%, respectively, in the same compartment, while the most pronounced variation of the infralevator space occurred in the middle compartment (–51.1%). The increase in the supralevator space correlated with a decrease in the rectal floor-to-ischial line distance and widening of the levator-anal angle (r = –0.64, P〈0.01 and 0.48, P〈0.05, respectively). A close correlation between resting and straining values was observed in all parameters, especially in the supralevator space in the three compartments (r = 0.82, 0.93 and 0.88, P〈0.01). Conclusions: Direct Coronal CT scanning showed that on straining the posterior component of the levator ani muscle, i. e. the coccygeus muscle, undergoes ``physiological overstretching'' and the supralevator space acts as a ``compliant cavity'', whose behaviour can be predicted at rest.
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