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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic and mass spectral properties of sulfonylurea N-methyl-N'-perfluoroacyl derivatives (1976)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 48 (1976), S. 1386-1394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50003a030
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unlabeled hemoglobin adducts of 4,4′-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) in rats and guinea pigs (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 65 (1991), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Hemoglobin adducts ; 4,4′-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) ; 2-Chloro-4-[(3-chloro-4-nitrosophenyl)-methyl]benzenamine ; 4[(4-Amino-3-chlorophenyl)meth-yl]-2-chloro-N-hydroxybenzenamine ; 2-Amino-5-[(4-amino-3-chlorophenyl)methyl]-3-chloro-phenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The capacity of N-oxidized metabolites of 4,4′-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) to form hemoglobin (Hb) adducts was determined in vitro, and the formation of Hb adducts following in vivo administration of MBOCA was assessed with or without prior induction of cytochrome P-450 enzymes with phenobarbital or β-naphthoflavone. Hb adduct formation was determined by electron-capture GLC of MBOCA as the heptafluorobutyryl derivative following mild acid hydrolysis of protein-bound MBOCA. The method was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. N-hydroxy- and mononitroso-MBOCA, but not MBOCA itself, formed adducts to rat and human Hb in vitro in a dose-related manner. Binding was inhibited by cysteine and glutathione but not oxidized glutathione or methionine. Intravenous administration of as little as 0.04 μmol/kg N-hydroxy-MBOCA to rats resulted in measurable formation of MBOCA-Hb adducts (0.9 ng/50 mg Hb). Intraperitoneal administration of 0.5–50 mg/kg MBOCA to rats, and subcutaneous administration of 5–500 mg/kg MBOCA to rats and 4–100 mg/kg to guinea pigs resulted in dose-related formation of Hb adducts. MBOCA-Hb remained elevated in blood for greater than 10 weeks following a single subcutaneous dose in guinea pigs. Pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital induced microsomal benzphetamine N-demethylase (BND) activity and resulted in a small increase in in vitro N- andortho- hydroxylation of MBOCA, but did not increase in vivo Hb adducts. Pretreatment of rats with β-naphthoflavone induced microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase as well as ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, and increased in vitro N- but notortho-hydroxylation of MBOCA. β-Naphthoflavone pretreatment increased the formation of MBOCA-Hb adducts when rats were dosed with MBOCA at 100 and 500 mg/kg, but not 20 mg/kg subcutaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02307306
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The efficacy of mineral oil combined with feed restriction in enhancing the elimination of heptachlor epoxide from mink (Mustela vison) (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1994), S. 374-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult female mink previously fed diets containing 0 (control) and 6.25 mg heptachlor/kg diet for 181 days were fed either the same control diet ad libitum (AL) or the control diet containing 10% mineral oil and restricted by 45% of ad libitum intake (MO/R) for 21 days to determine the efficacy of the latter treatment in enhancing the elimination of heptachlor epoxide (HE) from mink. Kit mink (2–3 months of age) whelped by dams of the control and 6.25 mg/kg groups were also fed the MO/R or AL diets for 21 days. Daily consumption (g/kg bw/day) of the AL diet by kit mink was significantly greater than consumption of the same diet by the adult females. Body weights of the control adults and the control and 6.25 mg/kg kits were significantly reduced by feeding the MO/R diet. Two adults from the control group and one adult from the 6.25 mg/kg group fed the MO/R diet died during the 21-day period. No mortalities occurred in kit mink fed either diet. Administration of the MO/R diet caused a significant reduction in body fat of the control adults and kits, but not in the 6.25 mg/kg adults and kits. Decreases in body fat of the MO/R groups were not associated with greater elimination of HE when compared to the AL groups. Comparison of HE body burdens in adult female and kit mink from the former 6.25 mg/kg heptachlor group at day 21 indicated that consumption of the MO/R diet did not increase the elimination of HE when compared to day 21 HE body burdens in adults and kits fed the AL diet. Heptachlor epoxide body burdens were reduced by 78 (MO/R) and 80% (AL) in the 6.25 mg/kg adults, while HE elimination from the 6.25 mg/kg kits was 96 and 93%, respectively. The half-lives of HE in the adults were 9.1 (AL) and 10.9 (MO/R) days, and 4.9 (AL) and 4.6 (MO/R) days in the kits. These results indicate that HE is readily mobilized and eliminated from mink.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00203565
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and activated charcoal in reducing the toxicity of dietary aflatoxin to mink (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 20 (1991), S. 441-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mink were fed diets that contained 0, 34, or 102 ppb (μg/kg) aflatoxins with or without 0.5% hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and/or 1.0% activated charcoal (AC) for 77 days. Consumption of the diet that contained 34 ppb aflatoxins was lethal to 20% of the mink, while 102 ppb dietary aflatoxins resulted in 100% mortality within 53 days. The addition of AC to the diet containing 102 ppb aflatoxins reduced mortality and increased survival time of the mink while the addition of HSCAS, alone or in combination with AC, prevented mortality. Histologic examination of livers and kidneys from the mink demonstrated liver lesions ranging from extremely severe in mink fed 102 ppb aflatoxin to mild to moderate in those that received 34 ppb aflatoxins. The addition of HSCAS and/or AC to the diets that contained 102 ppb aflatoxins reduced or essentially eliminated histopathologic lesions in the livers. No histopathologic alterations associated with the dietary treatments were observed in the kidneys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064418
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The reproductive effects of dietary heptachlor in mink (Mustela vison) (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 24 (1993), S. 156-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Adult female mink were fed diets containing 0 (control), 6.25, 12.5, and 25 ppm (μg/g) technical grade heptachlor prior to and throughout the reproductive period (181 days) to evaluate the effects of heptachlor consumption on reproduction and offspring viability and to assess the extent of placental and mammary transfer of heptachlor epoxide to mink offspring. Feeding 12.5 and 25 ppm resulted in significant reductions in feed consumption and body weights of female mink. Mortality was 0, 8, 67, and 100% for the control, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 ppm groups, respectively. All females in the 25 ppm group died within 88 days. Mink fed the two higher heptachlor diets displayed clinical signs indicative of central nervous system involvement just prior to death. Females were mated with males on the same dietary treatments. Whelping success rates were 67, 83, 27, and 0% for the control, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 ppm groups, respectively. High mortality in the 12.5 and 25 ppm groups accounted for the lack of reproductive success. Gestation length, litter size and birth weight of kits were not significantly affected by adult female consumption of 6.25 ppm heptachlor while kits whelped by females on the 12.5 ppm diet weighed significantly less than control kits at birth. Survival of kits in the 12.5 ppm group from birth to three weeks of age was also adversely affected. At three and six weeks of age, kit body weights in both the 6.25 and 12.5 ppm groups were significantly less than body weights in control kits. Examination of heptachlor epoxide concentrations in newborn and developing kits indicated both placental and mammary transfer of the chemical from the dams to the kits. The LC50 for the 181-day exposure period for female mink was 10.5 ppm heptachlor and the LOAEL, based on reduced kit growth, was 6.25 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01141342
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influences on copper bioaccumulation, growth, and survival of the midge, Chironomus tentans, in metal-contaminated sediments (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 4 (1995), S. 157-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: bioavailability ; toxicity ; acid-volatile sulfide ; benthic invertebrates ; sediment bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment bioassays with larvae of the midge, Chironomus tentans, were used to evaluate influences on the bioavailability and toxicity of copper (Cu) in sediments with a wide range of concentrations of metals, acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), and other physicochemical characteristics. Sediments were collected from sixteen lakes in Michigan, USA, and from twelve sites in the Clark Fork River drainage of Montana, USA, which are contaminated with metals from mining activities and from other anthropogenic sources. Bioassays with C. tentans larvae were conducted for ten days in a static-renewal test system, with endpoints of survival, growth, and metal bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation of copper (Cu) was strongly correlated with Cu concentrations in porewater, and was increased significantly at Cu concentrations less than those affecting growth or survival. Midge survival and growth were not significantly correlated with concentrations of Cu in sediment or porewater, and were poorly predicted by ratios of acid-extractable metals to AVS in sediments. Principal components analysis indicated that Cu concentrations in porewater and bioaccumulation of Cu by midge larvae were influenced by AVS, sediment organic carbon, and porewater pH, and that toxicity was associated with high concentrations of Cu, high concentrations of zinc (Zn) and ammonia. No toxicity was observed in several sediments which contained low concentrations of AVS and high concentrations of Cu and Zn. In sediments which contain little AVS, bioavailability of metals may be controlled by constituents other than sulfides, such as organic matter and metal hydrous oxides. These results indicate that assessments of toxicity in metal-contaminated sediments should evaluate the importance of metal-binding phases other than sulfides, and the possible contributions of ammonia or other toxicants to toxicity in sediment bioassays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00116651
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Common loons (Gavia immer) nesting on low ph lakes in northern Wisconsin have elevated blood mercury content (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 871-880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources conducted a pilot study during the summer of 1991 to determine the extent of mercury (Hg) exposure in common loons (Gavia immer) breeding in Wisconsin. Loons are at risk to elevated Hg exposure in Wisconsin because they often nest on acidified, low alkalinity lakes. Fish from these lakes bioaccumulate MeHg to a greater extent than biota from neutral pH lakes. Using nightlighting techniques, 35 adult loons were captured on 20 northern Wisconsin lakes (pH=5.0–8.7) in 1991. Blood and feather samples were collected for Hg analysis. The mean Hg content of blood cells collected from adult loons on low pH lakes (pH≤6.3) was significantly greater than the Hg content of adult loons collected on neutral/alkaline pH lakes (pH〉-7.0) (F=19.87, P〈0.001). There was a highly significant negative linear relationship between adult loon blood cell Hg concentrations and lake pH (r2=0.38, F=15.27, P〉0.001); indicating loons nesting on low pH lakes receive greater Hg exposure than loons nesting on neutral pH lakes. The relationship was greater amongst adult males (r2=0.56) than amongst adult females (r2=0.36). Because of this documented exposure, an additional 330 loons were captured 1992-94 on 73 lakes in northern Wisconsin. The Hg exposure of adult and juvenile common loons is being quantified. Individual loons were fitted with unique color-coded leg bands, and the 1992–96 reproductive performance, apnual return rates, and nesting behavior of adult loons with the known Hg exposure is currently being assessed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189737
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contaminant concentrations in Illinois mink and otter (1996)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 5 (1996), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mink (Mustela vision) ; otter (Lutra canadensis) ; metals ; organochlorines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Mink and otters are valuable wildlife resources and management efforts in North America and Europe have been directed towards re-establishing extirpated populations or expanding existing populations. The similarity of otter and mink habits and trophic status may allow inferences about the suitability of the habitat that is occupied by one species (mink) for the other species that is absent (otter). Remnant otter populations in Illinois have not expanded even though suitable habitat appears to be available and is occupied by mink. Low contaminant concentrations in tissues of mink trapped in a habitat where otters are not found and metal and organochlorine concentrations in tissues of otters incidentally collected by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, suggest that environmental contaminants should not hinder natural expansion of otters in Illinois.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119049
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