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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity, bioconcentration, and metabolism of the herbicide propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) in freshwater fish (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 12 (1983), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to technical grade propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) in a flow-through diluter system to determine acute lethality. LC50 values were 11.5, 10.2, 8.6, and 3.4 mg·L−1 at 24, 48, 96, and 192 hr, respectively. Eggs, newly hatched fry, and juvenile fish of this species were similarly exposed but at lower concentrations and for a period of 58 days. The 58-day “no effect” concentration was between 0.4 and 0.6Μg·L−1, based upon the physiological parameters of length and dry weight of juvenile fish.14C-Propanil did not bioconcentrate significantly in fathead minnows (1.6× for parent propanil in whole body). Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) readily metabolized propanil, forming at least ten products. One metabolite recovered from trout bile was identified as either 3′,4′-dichloro-2-hydroxypropionanilide or 3′,4′-dichloro-3-hydroxy-propionanilide. The technical grade propanil also contained 0.67 mg·g−1 of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene as a contaminant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059578
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Toxicity of Fluoranthene to Freshwater and Saltwater Species Under Fluorescent and Ultraviolet Light (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 (1999), S. 496-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The acute and chronic toxicity of fluoranthene was determined for a diverse group of freshwater and saltwater species under both standard laboratory fluorescent light and ultraviolet (UV) light test conditions. Acute tests with 21 species demonstrated that fluoranthene was not lethal within its water solubility limit to most species tested under fluorescent light, but was lethal well below this limit to nearly all of the species tested under UV light. In general, the acute sensitivity of freshwater and saltwater species from the same class was similar, although UV light exposure changed the relative sensitivity of some species. Crustaceans were the most sensitive to fluoranthene, but in the presence of UV light, an oligochaete and a fish were the most sensitive. Overall, UV light increased acute fluoranthene toxicity approximately one to three orders of magnitude. In chronic tests, sublethal concentrations of fluoranthene were toxic under both fluorescent and UV light, but as in most acute tests, UV light increased chronic toxicity approximately an order of magnitude. Comparison of data from tests conducted in the laboratory and outdoors demonstrated that acute toxicity increased with increased UV light intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002449900544
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative toxicity of methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide to freshwater fish and invertebrates (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 37 (1986), S. 615-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607812
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute toxicity of tetrachloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene with dimethylformamide to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (1982)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 28 (1982), S. 7-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608405
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute and chronic toxicities of arsenic(III) to fathead minnows, flagfish, daphnids, and an amphipod (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 13 (1984), S. 595-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute and chronic toxicities of arsenic (III) (As) to four species of freshwater organisms were determined. All tests were flow-through exposures except the daphnid (Daphnia magna) tests which were static concentration renewal exposures. Acute exposures of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), flagfish (Jordanella floridae), and an amphipod (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) to As resulted in 96-hr LC50 or EC50 estimates of 14,100, 14,400, and 874 μg/L, respectively. Daphnids were exposed to As with and without food resulting in 96-hr EC50 estimates of 4,340 and 1,500 μg/L, respectively. Chronic exposures of 28 to 31 days duration were made for fathead minnows, flagfish, and daphnids. The chronic limit ranges (highest tested exposure concentration having no adverse effect and the lowest tested exposure concentration having an adverse effect) based upon the most sensitive measured parameters of body length and wet weight were 2,130 to 4,300 μg/L for fathead minnows and 2,130 to 4,120 μg/L for flagfish. Daphnids had chronic limits of 633 to 1,320 μg/L based upon survival and the measured parameters of reproduction and body length. Calculation of an acute test/chronic test ratio for fathead minnows, flagfish, and daphnids (fed and unfed) resulted in a range of values from 1.64 to 4.80.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01056338
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bromacil and diuron herbicides: Toxicity, uptake, and elimination in freshwater fish (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 16 (1987), S. 607-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows, 30 days old, were exposed to technical grade bromacil and diuron in flow-through tests to determine acute toxicity. LC50 values for bromacil were 185, 183, 182 and 167 mg/L at 24, 48, 96, and 168 hr, respectively; and for diuron, 23.3, 19.9, 14.2, and 7.7 mg/L at 24, 48, 96, and 192 hr, respectively. Eggs, newly hatched fry, and juvenile fish were continuously exposed to lower concentrations of the herbicides for 64 days. Growth was significantly reduced (p ⩽ 0.01) at the lowest bromacil exposure of 1.0 mg/L. Therefore, it was not possible to determine a “no effect” concentration. The “no effect” concentration for diuron was 33.4 μg/L, while the lowest concentration which resulted in adverse effects was 78.0 μg/L. Adverse effects at 78.0 μg/L were an increased incidence of abnormal or dead fry immediately after hatch (p ⩽ 0.01) and decreased survival throughout the exposure period (p ⩽ 0.05). Neither herbicide accumulated significantly in fish tissue, as bioconcentration factors were 〈3.2 and 2.0 for bromacil and diuron, respectively. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) injected with radiolabeled bromacil or diuron eliminated over 90% of the radioactivity within 24 hr. Parent compound and metabolites were detected in the aquarium water in both cases. Metabolites of diuron recovered from the water included 3,4-dichloroaniline and several demethylated products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055817
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake, elimination, and metabolism of three phenols by fathead minnows (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 9 (1980), S. 699-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Uptake rates of total14C in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to sublethal concentrations of radiolabeled test compounds followed the order: phenol 〉 2,4,5-trichlorophenol 〉p-nitrophenol. Mean whole body14C concentration factors were 15,800, 1,850, and 180 for phenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, andp-nitrophenol exposures, respectively. Only minor amounts of tissue14C was parent compound after 28 days of exposure in fish exposed to phenol andp-nitrophenol, while 78.6% of the14C was parent compound in 2,4,5-trichlorophenol exposed fish. Tissue14C in fish exposed to 2,4,5-trichlorophenol was eliminated at a faster rate than in fish exposed to phenol orp-nitrophenol. Observed mean14C depuration half-lives for lower and higher exposures combined were 387, 150, and 12 hours for phenol,p-nitrophenol, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, respectively. Parent compound comprised 1.5, 2.7, and 0.7% of total14C for phenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, andp-nitrophenol, respectively, after 28 days of depuration. The percentage of acetone-unextractable14C increased from the end of uptake to the end of depuration for phenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and decreased slightly forp-nitrophenol.14C contribution from polar metabolites increased relative to total14C during the depuration phase for 2,4,5-trichlorophenol andp-nitrophenol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055545
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