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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface changes in the rat vomeronasal epithelium during degeneration and regeneration of sensory receptor cells (2000)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 467-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Pheromone ; Supporting cell ; Vomeronasal organ ; Olfaction ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  To investigate cell turnover in the vomeronasal epithelium we used electron microscopy to obtain quantitative measurements of changes observed at the surface of the sensory epithelium. Receptor cell degeneration was induced by sensory nerve transection and animals were examined at postoperative recovery times of 2, 4, 6, 10, 15, 35 and 60 days. We measured the number and density of receptor and supporting cells, and membrane length at the surface of the sensory epithelium. The number of receptor cells rapidly decreased during the degeneration period, reaching a minimum at 6 days. After 15 days of recovery the number and density of receptor cells returned to control levels. The surface membrane length for regenerated receptor cells was similar to that of controls, however the morphological appearance was characteristic of immature cells. In contrast to the receptor cells, the number and density of supporting cells did not change during degeneration and regeneration. However, there was a significant increase in the length of supporting cell-surface membranes. These results suggest that during receptor cell degeneration, supporting cell membranes compensate for the loss of receptor cells by expanding their surface membrane length to help to maintain the continuity of the epithelial surface. Thus, an important role of vomeronasal supporting cells may be to maintain the structural integrity of the epithelium during turnover of the receptor cell population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004290050333
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remodeling of reciprocal synapses associated with persistence of long-term memory (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We investigated a model of long-term memory in which the female mouse establishes pheromonal memory of its partner at mating. We examined the reciprocal synapses of the accessory olfactory bulb and found that pheromonal memory was associated with morphological changes in excitatory synapses in the early phase of memory acquisition and by changes in inhibitory synapses in the late phases of memory persistence. After extinction of pheromonal memory, these morphological changes were no longer present. These findings suggest that the persistence of pheromonal memory is associated with continuous and dynamic changes in the morphological plasticity of reciprocal synapses in the accessory olfactory bulb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03271.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurosurgical Applications of Clinical Olfactory Assessment (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43517.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degeneration-Regeneration of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Following Bulbectomy (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43608.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional scanning electron microscopic study of the normal hamster olfactory epithelium (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 18 (1989), S. 381-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory epithelium of the adult hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) was studied using the scanning electron microscope. A method that produced fractures in the epithelium exposed structures below the surface and made it possible to examine the morphological and structural relationships among cells. Three cell types were studied: supporting cells, olfactory neurons (receptor cells) and basal cells. Supporting cells were observed spanning the full extent of the epithelium, and had basal foot processes that terminated at or near the basal lamina. Along the lateral margin of supporting cells, cellular processes were observed extending outwards, reaching olfactory neurons and adjacent supporting cells. These cellular contacts among supporting cells and olfactory neurons were present at different levels of the epithelium. Olfactory neurons were located primarily in the middle and lower epithelial regions. Their dendritic processes reached the epithelial surface in a straight or tortuous manner, passing between the supporting cells. Olfactory axons were observed as thin unbranched processes that emerged from a conical hillock region, passed basally, and fasciculated into larger sensory bundles within the lamina propria. Basal cells were observed adjacent to the basal lamina as a row of single cells or clustered in groups. Within the lamina propria connective tissue, blood vessels, axon bundles and Bowman's glands were examined. Bowman's glands were composed of pyramidal secretory cells arranged about a single duct that extended to the epithelial surface. Scanning electron microscopy provided a unique three-dimensional analysis of cell structure within the olfactory epithelium. The results provide new and different observations on the detailed morphology and intimate relationships that exist among epithelial cells, and complement previous light and transmission EM observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190841
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopic study of degeneration and regeneration in the olfactory epithelium after axotomy (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 18 (1989), S. 393-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory epithelium of the adult hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) was examined with the scanning electron microscope following olfactory nerve axotomy. Axotomy results in retrograde degeneration of mature olfactory neurons. Maximum degeneration was observed around day 4. During the degeneration period the epithelium consists primarily of supporting and basal cells. Microvillar columnar supporting cells were observed to have fine cellular processes extending from their lateral border to neighbouring cells. Supporting cells extended to the basal lamina where they terminated in foot-like processes of variable shapes (club, splay and hook). Basal cells which gave rise to new replacement olfactory neurons were observed near the basal lamina. They had a rough cellular surface covered with small granules and fine cellular extensions. Bowman's gland duct cells extended unbranched through the epithelium where they formed funnel duct openings covered with microvilli. During early recovery periods (5–30 days) the number of olfactory neurons in the lower epithelium region increased. We observed olfactory neurons with developing axon and dendritic processes. Specialized growth cone structures were seen at the tips. Olfactory neuron growth cones were elongated or club-shaped and had a ruffled membrane surface. Several thin filopodia extended from the growth cone and made contact with adjacent cells. At late recovery periods (35–120 days) there was a marked increase in the number of olfactory neurons within the middle and lower epithelium regions. Numerous dendritic processes extended to the epithelial surface and terminated in knob-like ciliated structures. Olfactory axons passed basally, forming small intra-epithelial bundles that penetrated the basal lamina then fasciculated into larger bundles within the lamina propria. This study provides detailed three-dimensional observations of the olfactory epithelium following neuron injury, and describes neural degenerative changes, replacement of olfactory neurons, development and maturation. In addition, we describe the structure and basal attachment of supporting cells and their glial-like relation with olfactory neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190842
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of olfactory epithelium in humans and other vertebrates (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Olfactory neuron ; Neurogenesis ; Plasticity ; Electron Microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Human olfactory epithelium is similar in organization and cell morphology to that of most vertebrate species. The epithelium has a pseudostratified columnar organization and consists of olfactory neurons, supporting and basal cells. Near the mucosal surface there are also microvillar cells. These cells have neuron-like features and may be chemoreceptors. Human olfactory epithelium is not a uniform sensory sheet. Patches of non-sensory tissue often appear in what was thought to be a purely olfactory region. The significance of these patches has not been determined, but they could reflect exposure to environment agents or changes that occur during the normal aging process.In order to better understand the human olfactory system, further knowledge of the normal structure is necessary. This review addresses the morphology of the human olfactory epithelium and the remarkable plasticity of the vertebrate olfactory system. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230105
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