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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of hexobarbital and dipyrone in critical care patients receiving high-dose pentobarbital (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pentobarbital ; hexobarbital ; dipyrone ; intensive care ; D-glucaric acid ; pharmacokinetics ; drug interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of pentobarbital treatment in a mean dose of 30 mg/kg/day on the clearance of hexobarbital (Evipan) and dipyrone (Novalgin) has been evaluated in critical care patients receiving a large number of drugs as comedication. Eleven patients treated with pentobarbital showed a hexobarbital half-life of 2.79 h and a total plasma clearance of 9.80 ml·min−1·kg−1 as compared to 10 patients without pentobarbital administration in whom there was a significantly longer half life (6.92 h) and lower clearance (2.97 ml·min−1·kg−1). The kinetics of hexobarbital were correlated with the urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid, a non-invasive parameter of drug metabolising activity. In 10 patients on pentobarbital, the total plasma clearance of N-4-methylaminoantipyrine, the active form of dipyrone, did not differ from that in 8 patients not receiving pentobarbital. As drug kinetics show great variability in these patients, it is difficult to discriminate enzyme induction from other mechanisms, for example competitive inhibition or changes in volume of distribution. In the presence of pentobarbital, however, induction of drug metabolising enzymes should be considered as a possible reason for the higher clearance of hexobarbital.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607575
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The kinetics of metamizol and its metabolites in critical-care patients with acute renal dysfunction (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 45 (1993), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Metamizol ; Acute renal failure ; Sepsis ; intensive care patients ; drug metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the clearance of monomethylaminoantipyrine (MMAAP), the pharmacologically active form of metamizol, in 46 patients in surgical intensive care with different degrees of renal dysfunction. In 23 patients without any renal impairment, mean clearance was 2.8 ml·min−1·kg−1. Twentyone patients with acute renal impairment had a significantly reduced clearance of MMAAP (0.83 ml·min−1·kg−1). There was also reduced clearance in four patients with septic shock (1.0 ml·min−1·kg−1). Kinetics of the metabolites of MMAAP (N-formylaminoantipyrine (FAAP), aminoantipyrine (AAP), and its secondary product N-acetylaminoantipyrine (AcAAP)) were calculated. FAAP and AcAAP showed delayed invasion, which can be explained by reduced hepatic metabolic activity. The product of N-demethylation, AAP, was not significantly altered. The delayed elimination of monomethylaminoantipyrine can be explained by reduced hepatic function in parallel with acute renal failure due to disturbed cardiovascular function caused by septic shock. This may also lead to disturbed hepatic macro- and microperfusion associated with altered oxygen supply and oxygen consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00315516
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of plasma catecholamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in intensive care patients after dobutamine infusion
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 567 (1991), S. 240-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-4347(91)80327-9
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transcutaneous $${\text{P}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ monitoring in anaesthesia (1976)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 2 (1976), S. 29-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Transcutaneous $${\text{P}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ ; Monitoring of anaesthesia ; Induction phase ; End stage of anaesthesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 23 patients 18 to 73 years old transcutaneous $${\text{P}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ , relative local perfusion and cardiorespirogram during induction and end stage of anaesthesia were monitored. This method allows continuous sufficiently exact estimation of $${\text{Pa}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ . The comparison between $${\text{tcP}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ and corresponding blood gas analysis from arterial samples showed a good correlation of r = 0.94. Thus continuous $${\text{tcP}}_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } $$ registration enables quick diagnosis of hypoxia and its therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00571894
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hemodynamic responses to noxious stimuli in brain-dead organ donors (1992)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 18 (1992), S. 493-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Brain death ; Spinal reflexes and automatisms ; Organ donor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The case report presents evidence for the spinal origin of the marked hypertensive reponses to noxious stimuli that may occur in organ donors who fulfill the commonly accepted criteria of brain death. Cardiovascular spinal reflex activity does not invalidate these criteria. For the first time, the catecholamine plasma concentrations have been determined during spinal pressor reflex activity. Circulating epinephrine increased more markedly than norepinephrine in both cases, rising to 4.7 and 44 times the baseline concentration respectively. The relation between plasma norpinephrine and epinephrine suggests involvement of the adrenal medulla in the reflex arc. The literature on spinal hemodynamic reflexes is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01708589
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resorptions- und Sekretionsstudien am Darm (1968)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 148 (1968), S. 223-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Intestinal perfusion technique ; In vivo technique ; In vivo-Technik ; Perfusionsmethode am Darm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Methode zum Studium von Sekretions- und Resorptionsvorgängen am Darm beschrieben, die entsprechende Messungen in vivo an wachen Tieren erlaubt. In einer vorangehenden Operation wird ein bestimmter Darmabschnitt an beiden Enden mit Abklemmvorrichtungen und implantierten Kathetern versehen. Nach Erholung der Tiere ist es über die herausgeführten Schläuche möglich, den betreffenden Darmabschnitt vorübergehend funktionell zu isolieren und mit Hilfe einer Pumpe extrakorporal zu durchströmen. Die Perfusion erfolgt entweder im geschlossenen oder offenen System. Die Veränderungen des Gesamtvolumens im System entsprechen dem transintestinalen Nettoflu\. Durch Probenentnahmen bzw. entsprechende Durchflu\me\köpfe kann die Konzentration von Stoffen verfolgt werden. Zur Illustration werden zwei Beispiele über das Verhalten der Nettovolumenflüsse von Wasser und verschieden konzentrierten NaCl-Lösungen im Dünndarm der Batte gebracht. Die Vor- und Nachteile der Methode werden im Vergleich mit bisher gebräuchlichen Techniken diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A new method is described for the study of intestinal secretion and absorption in vivo on unanesthetized animals. During a preceding operation, the two ends of a chosen part of the gut are furnished with inflatable cuffs and two indwelling catheters. After recovery, the part of the gut concerned can be temporarily isolated and perfused by means of the outcoming tubes. The perfusion can be carried out with a closed system under recirculation or in an open system. Changes of the fluid volume in the whole system will correspond to transmucosal net fluxes. The concentration of solutes can be followed by sampling or appropriate continuously measuring transducers. To illustrate the applicability of the method, two examples are given showing the net fluxes of volume and changes of sodium concentrations under perfusion with water and different NaCl-solutions in the small bowel of the rat. Finally the method is discussed with respect to other techniques used hitherto.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02048964
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resorptions- und Sekretionsstudien am Darm (1971)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 156 (1971), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Intestinal absorption ; Intraluminal pressure ; In vivo perfusion technique ; Intestinale Resorption ; Intraluminaler Druck ; In vivo-Perfusionstechnik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine früher beschriebene in vivo-Perfusionstechnik des Dünndarms an wachen Ratten benutzt, um die intestinale Resorption und Sekretion zu messen. Die Perfusion wird extrakorporal im offenen System durchgeführt. Hierbei wird fortlaufend das Gesamtgewicht der ein- und ausfließenden Flüssigkeit auf einer Waage registriert. Änderungen dieses Gesamtgewichtes entsprechen den Nettoflüssen durch die Mucosa. Die Na-Konzentration im Perfusat wird flammenphotometrisch verfolgt. Wird der intraluminale Druck im Bereich von 2 auf 25 mm Hg erhöht, so steigt auch die Nettovolumenresorption des Wassers von 2 auf etwa 6 ml/10 cm · Std. Gleichzeitig erhöht sich auch die im Perfusat auftretende Natriummenge von 300 auf etwa 500ΜVal/10 cm · Std. Beide Erscheinungen können nicht als Ergebnis der größeren Kraft eines intraluminalen Filtrationsdruckes verstanden werden. Vielmehr können sie durch eine Entfaltung des intestinalen Lumens erklärt werden, die auf einem Anstieg des intraluminalen Drucks beruht und zu einer vergrößerten inneren Resorptionsfläche führt.
    Notes: Summary A previously described in vivo perfusion technique of the small bowel in unanaesthetized rats is used to measure intestinal secretion and absorption. The perfusions are carried out in an extracorporal open system of circulation. During a perfusion the total weight of the inflowing and outflowing fluid is measured on a balance. Changes of this total weight correspond to transmucosal net fluxes. The sodium concentration is measured. An increase of the intraluminal perfusion pressure in the range of 2 to 25 mm Hg brings about a linear increase of net volume absorption of water from 2 to approx. 6 ml/10 cm · hr. Simultaneously, the amount of sodium appearing in the perfusate rises from 300 to about 500ΜVal/10 cm · hr. Both phenomenons cannot be understood as results of an increased force of intraluminal filtration pressure. They can be explained by an unfolding of the intestinal lumen due to an increased intraluminal pressure, thus leading to a larger internal absorptive surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02045720
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen im strömenden Blut wacher Versuchstiere und des Menschen (1978)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 172 (1978), S. 143-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Haematocrit ; Blood electrolytes ; Conductometry ; Continuous measurements ; Hemodialysis ; Hämatokrit ; Blutelektrolyte ; Konduktometrie ; Fortlaufende Messungen ; Hämodialyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der arterielle Hämatokrit und die Gesamtelektrolytkonzentration werden bei 3 Hämodialysepatienten fortlaufend mittels Konduktometrie gemessen. Anstieg des Hämatokritwertes während der Mahlzeiten, besonders wenn sie kohlenhydratreich sind, deuten auf Flüssigkeitsverluste aus dem Blut hin. Gleichzeitig weisen biphasische Veränderungen der Elektrolytkonzentration auf osmotische und diffusive Wasser- und Elektrolytverschiebungen hin. Blutvolumen- und Elektrolytkonzentrationsänderungen während und nach intravenösen Infusionen von Kolloid- und Krystalloidlösungen können ebenfalls verfolgt werden. Die sich aus den Messungen ergebenden quantitativen Aspekte werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Arterial haematocrit and blood electrolyte concentrations are measured continuously by conductometry in three hemodialysis patients. Haematocrit elevation during meals, particularly when rich in carbohydrates, indicate fluid losses into the gut. Simultaneous biphasic responses in electrolyte concentration indicate osmotic and diffusional shifts of water and electrolytes. Similarly, blood volume and electrolyte concentration changes can be followed during and after intravenous infusions of colloid and crystalloid solutions. The quantitative aspects of such measurements are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01851405
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Wirkung von Desoxycholat auf die Elektrolyt- und Wasserabsorption im terminalen Ileum (1981)
    Springer
    Research in experimental medicine 178 (1981), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Desoxycholate ; Electrolyte and water absorption ; Ileum ; Conscious rat ; Desoxycholat ; Elektrolyt- und Wasserabsorption ; Ileum ; wache Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer in-vivo-Perfusionstechnik an der wachen Ratte wird die Wirkung von 10−3mol/l Desoxycholat (DC) am terminalen Ileum auf den Volumen- und Elektrolyttransport untersucht. Folgende Änderungen unter DC werden gegenüber den Kontrollen beobachtet: 1. Die Netto-Cl−-Absorption wird aufgehoben (P〈0,002). 2. Die Na+- und Volumenabsorption werden vermindert bzw. in eine Sekretion umgekehrt. 3. Die K+-Sekretion wird gesteigert (P〈0,01). DC führt zu einer Abnahme des Natrium-Wasser-Quotienten bedingt durch Änderungen der Permeabilität sowohl für Natrium wie auch für Wasser.
    Notes: Summary With an in vivo perfusion technique the influence of 10−3mol/l desoxycholate (DC) on the net electrolyte and volume absorption are studied in the terminal ileum of unanesthetized rats. Control experiments are performed in the same animal. The following data are observed: 1. There is a highly significant decrease in net Cl− absorption (P〈0.002). 2. The Na+ and volume absorption is diminished or reversed into secretion. 3. The K+ secretion is enhanced (P〈0.01). The sodium-water equivalent is reduced caused by alteration of the Na+ as well as the water permeability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01851488
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histamine release in the course of elective conventional cholecystectomy in aged patients: Problems in defining release in relation to specific intraoperative events (1992)
    Springer
    Inflammation research 36 (1992), S. C155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of an H1 −+H2-prophylaxis against perioperative acute pseudoallergic reactions in which histamine is involved, and against postoperative complications the incidence of which may be increased by these reactions, was the central problem of a randomized trial in 162 aged patients during elective conventional cholecystectomy. As main endpoint it was planned to use the systemic histamine release reaction, as it already had been defined for the conscious and anaesthetized human subject. However, it had to be reassessed and redefined for the intraoperative period after improvement of the plasma histamine assay and new findings about stress-induced histamine release and the kinetics of histamine release during certain phases of operation. Intraoperative release is, at present, defined solely as an increase of plasma histamine values after a particular action (phase of operation). It includes criteria concerning plasma histamine changes either in comparison to the base value before surgery or to the preceding value before the last surgical action. Histamine elevations must exceed the last value by more than 3 standard deviations of the analytical error (i.e. 200% if value 〈0.25 ng/ml and 40% above). Basic requirements for the histamine assay (quality control), correct sample taking and appropriate preparation have to be fulfilled over the whole trial period. When these criteria were applied to the 162 patients an overall incidence of histamine release during cholecystectomy of 55.6% was found with 9.7–20% during an individual phase of operation. The data of this study, performed under routine conditions, with a sufficient number of patients with elevated risk and event controlled plasma histamine values, lead to a better understanding of intraoperative histamine release, its incidence and extent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997322
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