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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 161 (1968), S. 147-161 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Hühnerembryonen der Stadien 5–21 wurde das Auftreten von Cholinesterase-Aktivität in Zellverbänden verfolgt, die bei der Abfaltung des Embryos von Bedeutung sind. Im Neuroektoderm treten während der Neuralrohrbildung Cholinesterase-positive Zellen auf. Diese Aktivität verschwindet, wenn das Neuralrohr ausgebildet ist. Anschließend lassen sich Cholinesterase-positive Neuroblasten darstellen. Im Oberflächenektoderm tritt Cholinesterase-Aktivität während der Ausbildung der Kopffalte und der Grenzrinnen auf. Die Aktivität verschwindet, wenn sich die Kopfanlage vom extraembryonalen Teil der Keimblätter getrennt hat. Bei der Ausbildung der Entodermwülste und während des Einwanderns derselben zum Darmrohrschluß bilden sich palisadenartige Epithelverdickungen aus, die Cholinesterase aufweisen. Wenn das Darmrohr geschlossen ist, verschwindet die Aktivität wieder. Während der Darmrohrbildung wird das nach ventral und medial einwachsende Entoderm von palisadenartig strukturiertem Mesoderm begleitet, das Cholinesterase-Aktivität aufweist. Nach Schluß des Darmrohres löst sich die palisadenartige Anordnung auf und die Cholinesterase-Aktivität verschwindet.
    Notes: Summary The localization of cholinesterase activity in chick embryo of stage 5 up to stage 21 has been studied in cell layers that are involved in the formation of the primitive body tube. During the formation of the neural tube, cholinesterase activity can be demonstrated in cells of the neural plate. This pattern of enzyme activity disappears after formation of the neural tube. Thereafter, the enzyme is localized in neuroblasts. In the ectodermal layer, cholinesterase activity is found during the formation of the head fold and the lateral body folds. Again, the enzyme disappears after the development of the cephalic outgrowth. Formation of the entodermal folds and their fusion in the midline — thus establishing the gut tube — is associated with cholinesterase activity in palisade cell layers. There is no enzyme activity in the completed gut. During the formation of the gut tube, the mediad invading entodermal folds are covered by mesodermal cell palisades, which are positive for cholinesterase. After the formation of the gut tube, the palisades disappear as does the enzyme activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 165 (1970), S. 163-173 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Entwicklung der Cholinesterase-Aktivität im axialen Mesoderm vonTriturus cristatus von der Neurula bis zur schwimmenden Larve mit zwei Zehen (Harrison-Stadium 15–42) wurde histochemisch untersucht. 2. Nach Einbettung der Keime in Polyäthylenglykol wurde der ChE-Nachweis an Serienschnitten nach Karnovsky und Roots (nach Blockierung der Sulfhydrylgruppen mit Maleinimid) und mit der Koelle-Methode durchgeführt. 3. Im Stadium der offenen Neurula konnte die ChE im Urdarmdach im präsumptiven Chorda- und Somitenmaterial nachgewiesen werden. 4. Die Chorda ist vom späten Neurula- bis zum mittleren Schwanzknospenstadium (Harrison-Stadium 25) in ihrer ganzen Länge ChE-positiv. Anschließend verschwindet die ChE-Aktivität von cranial nach caudal fortschreitend aus der Chorda. 5. Die Hypochorda zeigt vom Beginn ihres Auftretens im Harrison-Stadium 21/22 an eine außerordentlich starke ChE-Aktivität, die sich im Stadium 30–33 wieder verliert. Bald darauf läßt sich die Hypochorda histologisch nicht mehr erkennen. 6. Die einzelnen Somiten sind bei ihrer Entstehung ChE-positiv. 7. Mit der cranial einsetzenden Ausbildung der Myotome steigt die ChE-Aktivität in den beteiligten Somitenzellen stark an. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt (Harrison-Stadium 24–26) sind caudal regelmäßig ChE-negative Somiten anzutreffen. Mit ihrer Umwandlung in Myotome tritt in ihnen wieder eine ChE-Aktivität auf. Sie setzt am dorsomedialen Somitenrand ein. 8. Die ChE-Aktivität in den Myoblasten erstreckt sich zunächst über die gesamte Zelle. Vom Harrison-Stadium 35 an konzentriert sie sich an den Enden der Myoblasten im Bereich der Segmentgrenzen. Gleichzeitig mit der starken Aktivität in den Myoblasten tritt eine ChE-Aktivität in den motorischen Vorderhornzellen im Neuralrohr auf.
    Notes: Summary 1. InTriturus cristatus embryos (Harrison stages 15–42) the development of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the axial mesoderm was investigated. 2. After embedding in polyethylene glycol the histochemical technique of Karnovsky and Roots (preincubation in maleinimid to block sulfhydryl groups) and that of Koelle were employed on serial sections. 3. In early neurula stage ChE is found in the presumptive notochordal and somite material of the archenteron roof. 4. The notochord is ChE-positive from late neurula stage until Harrison stage 25. Then the cells loose their activity in cranio-caudal progression. 5. The subnotochordal rod is ChE-positive from Harrison stage 21/22 until Harrison stage 30–33. 6. The somites are ChE-positive as they develop. 7. During the formation of myotomes, beginning in the cranial part of the embryo the amount of ChE in the engaged somite cells increases. At this time (Harrison 24–26) ChE-negative somites are found in the caudal part of the embryo. These somites become ChE-positive before they change into myotomes. 8. From the beginning the whole myoblasts are ChE-positive. Beginning with Harrison stage 35 the activity concentrates at the ends of the myoblasts near the segmental border. At this time a strong activity in the motor cells of the neural tube appears.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 201 (2000), S. 27-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Key words Melanoma ; Cell movement ; Time lapse video microscopy ; Muscarinic receptors ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Cholinesterase ; SK-mel 28 cells ; Acetylcholine ; Carbachol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  In a previous immunohistochemical study we observed muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in primary and metastatic human melanomas, which were not present in normal skin melanocytes. In the present study we demonstrated the endogenous expression of muscarinic receptors, of choline acetyltransferase and of cholinesterase activity in the human melanoma cell line SK-mel 28. We tested the effect of muscarinic agonists on cellular movements of the melanoma cells in a perfusion chamber by digital video time-lapse microscopy. Within 3 to 10 min after onset of muscarinic perfusion cell body contractions and retraction of cell processes of more than 5 µm occurred in about 30% of the melanoma cells. The effect disappeared after addition of atropine. The proportion of reacting cells corresponded to the endogenous expression of muscarinic receptors revealed by immunocytochemistry with the monoclonal antibody M35. The experiments indicate the presence of an autocrine muscarinic cholinergic system in the melanoma cells and demonstrate a direct link between muscarinic receptors and the contractile apparatus. Melanocytes are derived from neural crest cells that express cholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptors during their migratory phase in the embryo. Therefore, re-expression of the muscarinic cholinergic system in tumour cells may be involved in invasive growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 130 (1970), S. 330-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cholinesterase ; Liver development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Im Stadium 12–14 besitzt das präsumptive Leberentoderm bei der Ausbildung der primären Leberdivertikel und der Leberbucht ChE-Aktivität (Abb. 2-4). 2. Im Stadium 15 wird die Leberanlage vom Darm durch die Einziehung der visceralen Seitenplatten zwischen Darmentoderm und Leberentoderm abgeschnürt. Dabei enthält das Entoderm keine ChE, während die visceralen Seitenplatten stark reagieren (Abb. 5 und 6). 3. Im Stadium 16 tritt im präsumptiven Lebermesenchym eine ChE-Aktivität auf. In die Maschen des positiven Mesenchyms wachsen die negativen entodermalen Leberzellbälkchen ein (Abb. 7). 4. Im Stadium 18 erfolgt die weitere Abschnürung der Leberanlage durch die Formierung des engen primitiven Duodenums. Dabei zeigt das Darmentoderm eine kräftige ChE-Aktivität, während das Leberentoderm weiterhin negativ bleibt (Abb. 8). 5. Wie in anderen Organanlagen ist die ChE-Aktivität bei der Entwicklung der Leberanlage mit Gestaltungsbewegungen der reagierenden Zellen korreliert.
    Notes: Summary 1. In stages 12–14, when the primary liver diverticula are formed, the presumptive liver endoderm exhibits cholinesterase activity (Figs. 2-4). 2. In stage 15 the liver anlage is separated from the foregut by the visceral mesodermal layers bulging in between gut endoderm and liver endoderm. During this process the endoderm has no ChE activity, whereas the visceral mesodermal layers react strongly (Figs. 5 and 6). 3. In stage 16 ChE activity appears in the presumptive liver mesenchyme. The liver cords which are ChE negativ penetrate into the reacting mesenchymal network (Fig. 7). 4. In stage 18 a further separation of the liver anlage is accomplished by the formation of the primitive duodenum. Now the gut endoderm shows strong ChE activity, while the liver endoderm remains negative (Fig. 8). 5. As in the development of other organs ChE activity is correlated with morphogenetic movements of the reacting cells in the formation of the liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Cell Differentiation and Development 27 (1989), S. 32 
    ISSN: 0922-3371
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Experimental Cell Research 197 (1991), S. 326-329 
    ISSN: 0014-4827
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 30 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Primary and metastatic human melanomas express muscarinic receptors. In embryonic tissues, expression of muscarinic receptors is correlated with morphogenesis. The hypothesis has been put forward that muscarinic receptors are involved in morphogenetic movements in the embryo, and in cellular movements in melanoma cells during invasive growth. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the muscarinic receptors in the human melanoma cell line SK-Mel 28 and to test in a Boyden chamber assay whether the chemotactic activity towards fibronectin can be influenced by muscarinic stimulation. In Western blots with the monoclonal antibody M35, muscarinic receptors were localized in a strong band at 66 kDa, and in a weak band at 63 kDa. Western blot with M3 subtype specific antibodies reproduced the line at 66 kDa. RT-PCR revealed mRNA for subtypes M3 and M5. These findings suggest that SK-Mel 28 cells express a large number of subtype M3 and a small number of subtype M5 receptors. Microscopic observation of calcium mobilization after muscarinic stimulation indicated that all cells carried functional muscarinic receptors. A standardized chemotaxis assay was established in modified Boyden chambers using fibronectin as chemotactic agent. After addition of carbachol to the upper compartment, an increase of fibronectin induced chemotaxis of ∼30% was observed, an effect abrogated by atropine. These results demonstrate that muscarinic cholinergic treatment has a modulatory effect on fibronectin-induced chemotaxis in SK-Mel 28 melanoma cells, indicating that the muscarinic system is involved in regulation of cell movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0022-4731
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 32 (1989), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 0022-4731
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    FEBS Letters 230 (1988), S. 35-37 
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: (Chick heart) ; Ca^2^+ mobilization ; Chlortetracycline ; Muscarinic receptor
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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