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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The physical and morphological properties of the pigment screen in the compound eye of a shrimp (Crustacea) (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 97 (1975), S. 257-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pigment cells of the compound eye of the shrimps (Crangon crangon andC. allmani) were studied by electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and microspectrophotometry. The compound eyes of these species contain light-absorbing and -reflecting pigments contained in granules, located in 5 different cells. The light absorbing pigment granules (light screen) are situated in (1) the distal pigment cells, (2) the retinular cells, (3) the basal pigment cells. The reflecting pigment granules are located in (4) the distal, and (5) the proximal reflecting pigment cells. Another innominate cell type investing the ommatidia contains vacuoles without pigment content. The innominate cell type, and the basal absorbing pigment cell (3) listed above, have not earlier been reported for a crustacean species. Measurements of the spectral absorption on sliced and squashed ommatidia show that all components of the light screen have an increased absorption in the wavelength regions 400–450 nm and 530–570 nm, probably due to xanthommatin and ommin. The spectral absorbancy of the reflecting pigment cells were not determined. Similar cells in other species are known to contain pteridines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617546
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The juxtaposed compound eye and organ of Bellonci in Haploops tubicola (Crustacea: Amphipoda) — The fine structure of the organ of Bellonci (1980)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 96 (1980), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The amphipod species Haploops tubicola has an unusual compound eye that is divided into three separate parts, each with one common cuticular lens. The dorso-frontal eyepair has, in addition to the lens, a so-called vitreous body, which is constructed like a dioptric lens and is inserted in the ray-path. The ‘vitreous body’ is actually — and for which evidence is presented — a secretory product formed in the intercellular spaces of the organ of Bellonci. Histochemical analysis has shown that the secretion is strongly PAS-positive and lacks glycogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310290
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary aspects on the construction of the first optic neuropil (lamina) in Crustacea (1986)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 106 (1986), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A Golgi study of the neuronal morphology of the first optic neuropil (lamina) in three anostracan species revealed a close similarity in the lamina construction and neuron types. The lamina architecture of decapod and mysid crustacean species, as revealed by the Golgi method, conformed to previous studies and differed from the anostracans. The comparison was made at the level of resolution comprising retinal projection on the lamina, structural entities such as columns and layers and neuron position, branching pattern and terminal fields. It was shown that different types of compound eyes and variation in the habitat of the animals were of less importance for the lamina design than common descent as expressed in the present taxonomic groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312206
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classification of amphipod compound eyes — The fine structure of the ommatidial units (Crustacea, Amphipoda) (1980)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 94 (1980), S. 279-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the compound eyes of 13 amphipod species has been investigated. An amphipod type of compound eye can be characterized by the constellation and consistency of a number of morphological features, most of which are also found in other compound eyes. The amphipod eye falls into four sub-categories (types). The ampeliscid type has a tripartite aberrant lens eye; the lysianassid type has a reduced or no dioptric apparatus and a hypertrophied rhabdom; the hyperid type possesses a large number of ommatidial units with long crystalline cones and dark instead of reflecting accessory pigment; and finally, the gammarid type can be interpreted as a generalized amphipod type. The lysianassid type is adapted to low light intensities and demonstrates convergent development with the compound eyes of other deep-sea crustaceans. The ampeliscid type is more similar to the gammarid type. The type characterization of the amphipod compound eye might well serve as a basis and incentive for functional studies also revealing adaptational mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00998206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of protein tracers in the nervous system of the crayfish (Astacus astacus L.) following systemic and local application (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 1 (1972), S. 35-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study was made on the penetration and cellular uptake of two protein tracers, albumin labelled with Evans blue (EBA) and horseradish peroxidase (HP), in the nervous system of the crayfish following systemic and local administration. Followingsystemic injection, EBA did not diffuse freely from the cerebral vessels into the brain parenchyma. When the tracers werelocally applied on the surface of the ventral nerve cord their penetration into the nervous parenchyma was to some extent restricted by the nerve sheath. However, unlike the perineurium of vertebrate peripheral nerves, which acts as an efficient diffusion barrier, the crayfish nerve sheath allowed the diffusion of small amounts of tracers into the ganglia. The tracers could more readily penetrate into peripheral nerves in the vicinity of ganglia. Inside the ganglion the tracers spread in extracellular spaces, between glial cell membranes and reached the neuronal surfaces. The proteins were taken up by pinocytosis in glial cells, and also in axons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098644
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The optic neuropiles and chiasmata of Crustacea (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 343-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound Eyes ; Crustacea ; Optic Neuropiles ; Chiasmata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of ontogeny and adult morphology, an interpretation of the arrangement of optic neuropiles and fibre connexions of the Crustacean compound eye is presented. In the embryo of phyllopods and decapods, the ommatidia, the lamina ganglionaris, and the medulla externa are developed synchronously from a common medial proliferation zone. As this zone persists in all investigated adult Crustacea that possess compound eyes, such a derivation of the mentioned structures is taken to be universal within the group. The direction of growth of the lamina ganglionaris is parallel with the row of ommatidia, the growth direction of the medulla externa is perpendicular to it and parallel with the long axis of the eyestalk. This arrangement is more or less retained in most adult non-Malacostracan Crustacea, and the axons of fully developed neurons pierce the optic neuropiles and leave and enter on the neuropile side. As a result, there is no chiasma in the non-Malacostracan groups. The Malacostraca have an extra neuropile, the medulla interna, derived from the medulla terminalis. Chiasmata occur between the lamina ganglionaris and the medulla externa, and between the medulla externa and the medulla interna. This difference from the non-Malacostracans depends on the course of the fibres. Those coming from the lamina ganglionaris leave the lamina on the neuropile side and enter medulla externa between the cell bodies in the perikaryon layer of the medulla externa neurons and the neuropile of the medulla. The fibres from the medulla externa to the lamina come from T-shaped neurons and emanate from the perikaryon layer side, entering the lamina on its neuropile side. The fibre relations between the medulla externa and the medulla interna are similar. Thus in both cases, chiasmata are present from the beginning, but they become obvious when the medulla externa rotates through part of a circle. The directed growth of the optic neuropiles and the course of the fibre connexions are consequently crucial to the understanding of the topographic relations between the neuropiles. A pattern with short neurons connecting neighbouring optic neuropiles and long neurons connecting the medulla externa with the central nervous system is common to all crustaceans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336672
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of the compound eyes ofPenaeus duorarum (Crustacea: Decapoda) with remarks on the nervous system (1969)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 97 (1969), S. 323-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the compound eyes and nervous system of the penaeid shrimp,Penaeus duorarum, from the first nauplius to the first postlarva, has been studied. The first anlage of the compound eyes is a pair of optic discs on the front of the animal. These increase in size through cell-division until the second protozoea stage, where the eye-stalks appear with ommatidia and optic neuropiles developed. The original neuroectoderm of the optic discs is retained in the shape of a proliferation zone throughout the life of the animal. From the optic discs, develop the ommatidia, the lamina ganglionaris, and the medulla externa. The medullae interna and terminalis develop from cells coming from the brain anlage. From the second protozoea and onwards, the development is less rapid. The final shape of the adult eye is reached during the postlarval stages and includes the appearance of a few more pigments and a perfecting of several features. A scheme for the development of crustacean compound eyes is laid down. Further, the medulla externa of the Malacostraca and the single medulla of non-malacostracan crustaceans are homologized. The continuous growth of the nervous system is traced in the development of the neuropile. The appearance of glomeruli structures is reported, as are also, to some extent, neurosecretory organs. The development of the SPX-organ conforms to that of other decapods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00968840
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of monoaminergic neurons in the central nervous system of Astacus astacus Linné (Crustacea) (1966)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 74 (1966), S. 464-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular localization of biogenic monoamines in crustaceans was studied by means of a highly specific and sensitive fluorescence method devised by Falck and Hillarp. It was found that neurons displaying specific fluorescence in the central nervous system were confined to the protocerebrum, the medulla externa and interna and the ventral nerve cord. The method allows a distinction between the fluorophores of 5-hydroxytryptamine (and 5-hydroxytryptophan), which emit the yellow light, and the fluorophores deriving from the catecholamines (and DOPA), which emit the green light. Green-fluorescent neurons occurred abundantly in the aforementioned parts of the central nervous system while yellow-fluorescent neurons were sparsely present in the same parts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00496839
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunolabeled neuroactive substances in the osphradium of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalins ; FMRFamide ; Serotonin (5HT) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Sensory organ ; Osphradium ; Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The osphradium of molluscs is assumed to be a sensory organ. The present investigation in Lymnaea stagnalis has established two ultrastructurally different types of dendrites in the sensory epithelium. Cells immunoreactive to leucine-enkephalin and FMRFamide send processes to the sensory epithelium. These neurons of the osphradial ganglion are thus considered to be part of the sensory system, as are methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells in the mantle wall in the vicinity of the osphradium. The complexity of the osphradial ganglion is further demonstrated by serotonin-immunoreactive neurons innervating the muscular coat around the osphradial canal and methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells sending projections to the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319424
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-and FMRFamide-immunoreactive nerve elements in the chiton Lepidopleurus asellus (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin (5HT) ; FMRFamide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Invertebrate nervous system ; Chiton, Lepidopleurus asellus (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of serotonin-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactive (5HT-ir and FMRFa-ir, respectively) neurons in the nervous system of the chiton Lepidopleurus asellus (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) was studied using an immunocytochemical technique. The neurons were distributed in characteristic patterns in the central nervous system, the 5HT-ir neurons predominating in the ventral (pedal) cords and FMRFa-ir neurons in the lateral cords. In the body wall including the foot, a tight network of 5HT-ir and FMRFa-ir nerve fibers is found, the former being mostly attributed to the musculature whereas the latter seems to be associated with the blood sinuses. Intraepithelial neurons of both types are abundant in the fore-and hindgut. The presence and general distribution in the central and peripheral nervous system of the 5HT-ir and FMRFa-ir elements seems thus to be similar in simple and advanced molluscs. The relationship between these neurons and their targets in the body also appears to be well conserved in molluscs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319425
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