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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Are tobacco use and urine pH indicated as risk factors for bladder carcinoma? (2001)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    International journal of urology 8 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Many case-control and cohort studies have shown a positive relationship between bladder carcinoma and tobacco use. Recently, urine pH has been reported to influence aromatic amine carcinogenesis, which have been implicated as potent carcinogens in bladder carcinoma patients. Herein the correlation between bladder carcinoma, tobacco use and urine pH is reported.Method: One hundred and forty-one patients with bladder carcinoma and 128 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia or urolithiasis as controls were selected. All patients were admitted to Osaka City University Hospital for the purpose of surgical treatment. Urine pH was checked by a test tape.Results: Of the patients with bladder carcinoma, 106 were smokers and 35 were non-smokers. In contrast, the number of smokers in the control group was 76 and that of non-smokers was 52. The odds ratio in the bladder carcinoma group calculated for the smoker patients was 2.07, showing a significant correlation between bladder carcinoma and tobacco use. Regarding urine pH, acidic urine was found in 126 patients in the bladder carcinoma group and in 116 patients in the control group. The odds ratio in the bladder carcinoma group for acidic urine was 0.87, showing no significant relationship between bladder carcinoma and urine pH.Conclusion: The study found a positive relationship between bladder carcinoma and tobacco use; however, it could not establish a clear relationship between bladder carcinoma and urine pH, even in the smoker group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2042.2001.00261.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prostaglandin J2 and Related Compounds (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 744 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb52733.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical observations of keratins, involucrin, and epithelial membrane antigen in urinary bladder carcinomas from patients infected withSchistosoma haematobium (1987)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 411 (1987), S. 103-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Schistosoma haematobium ; Urinary bladder carcinoma ; Keratin proteins ; Involucrin ; Epithelial membrane antigen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Squamous cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder and the epithelial lesions associated with infection bySchistosoma haematobium were histopathologically and immunohistochemically described for keratin proteins (TK, 41–65 kDa; KL1, 55–57 kDa; PKK1, 40, 45 and 52.5 kDa), involucrin, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Normal urothelial epithelium was positive for all keratins, and showed absent or slight reactions for involucrin and EMA in superficial umbrella cells. The intestinal type of epithelium was composed of columnar cells and small basal cells; TK was positive in the basal cells, KL1 staining was positive in the columnar cells, whereas PKK1 was negative or slight in the columnar cells. Involucrin was confined to columnar cells. Squamous metaplastic epithelium showed a rather regional keratin distribution: TK was distributed in all layers, KL1 decorated upper spinous and granular layers, but PKK1 did not bind, and involucrin staining existed only in upper spinous and granular cells. Keratin expression in squamous cell carcinomas indicated heterogeneity and its stainability was dependent on the degree of keratinization: The G 1 type revealed strong reaction, the G 2 type showed a similar distribution pattern, but the staining intensity was less, and the G3 type showed irregular staining with decreased intensity. Involucrin staining was limited to keratinized cells of carcinoma as was that for EMA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712734
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induction of smooth muscle cells in the fibrous capsule of human hepatocellular carcinoma but not in the septa of hepatic cirrhosis (1999)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 434 (1999), S. 413-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Myosin heavy chain isoforms ; Smooth muscle actin ; Capsule ; Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Liver cirrhosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the expression of smooth muscle cytoskeleton in spindle-shaped cells in the capsule of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the septa of liver cirrhosis (LC). Serial sections of livers resected from 11 patients were stained with monoclonal antibodies against vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin (1A4, HHF35, CGA7) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoforms (SM1, SM2). Capsular spindle-shaped cells exhibited a cytoskeletal feature indicative of intermediately differentiated smooth muscle cells. Computer-assisted morphometry revealed that the proportions of 1A4-, HHF35-, CGA7- and SM1- positive areas to vimentin-positive area were 88.0±11.0%, 50.8±17.4%, 25.3±16.4% and 19.4±12.4% (n=11) in main tumours and 86.6±9.4%, 50.9±18.7%, 21.1±12.3% and 17.6±9.7% (n=12) in daughter tumours, indicating that spindle-shaped cells are heterogeneous in cytoskeletal expression. Septal spindle-shaped cells in LC lacked the cytoskeletal proteins specific to differentiated smooth muscle cells (CGA7, SM1, SM2 and desmin). Electron microscopically, capsular spindle-shaped cells contained more microfilaments and less rough endoplasmic reticulum than do septal cells. Intermediately differentiated smooth muscle cells are induced in the capsule of HCC but not in the septa of LC, suggesting a role for stromal interaction by tumour cells in the induction of smooth muscle cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280050360
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of intravesical instillation of antitumor drugs on the induction of preneoplastic bladder lesions in rats (1983)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 11 (1983), S. S64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of adriamycin (ADR) and mitomycin C (MMC) as inhibitors of the development of bladder tumors in rats were studied. Six-week-old female F344 rats were divided into nine groups, five of which received 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in their drinking water for the first 4 weeks, no treatment for 1 week, and then intravesical instillation once a week of ADR, MMC, or physiological saline or no instillation (no catheterization) for 12 weeks. The other four groups received no BBN for the first 5 weeks of the experiment and then received ADR, MMC, or physiological saline as above for 12 weeks. The bladders were examined by light microscopy 17 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Results showed that development of preneoplastic lesions induced in the bladders of the rats by BBN was stimulated by subsequent instillation of ADR or MMC. This result suggests that ADR and MMC have promoting activities in bladder carcinogenesis of rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256721
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prospective randomized study of prophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer with epirubicin: the role of a central pathology laboratory (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 35 (1994), S. S36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0843
    Keywords: Superficial bladder cancer ; Prophylaxis ; Epirubicin ; Pathological review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The preliminary results of a multi-institutional prospective randomized study of the prophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer using epirubicin (protocol NUORG SBT-003) are reported. The subjects were 129 patients with untreated superficial bladder cancer (≦T1b, ≦G2) who were randomized into 2 groups: a transurethral resection (TUR)-alone group (63 patients) and a TUR+intravesical epirubicin (20 mg/40 ml, 30 times/2 years) group (66 patients). The nonrecurrence rate observed in the epirubicin group was significantly higher than that seen in the control group. To unify the pathological diagnosis, a central pathology laboratory (CPL) was set up for extramural review. The correspondence of the pathological diagnosis of TUR-Bt specimens between the CPL and the local pathology laboratory (LPL) was 70.5% in grading and 51.9% in staging. There was a tendency for overdiagnosis by the LPL for both the grade and the stage of tumors. However, differing interpretations by pathologists seem to exert little influence on the nonrecurrence rate at interim analysis. Further observation will be necessary to clarify the prophylactic efficacy of low-dose, long-term periodic intravesical epirubicin instillation and the influence of the disagreement in pathological findings between the CPL and the LPL on the analysis of the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686917
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host genes affecting survival period of chemically induced bladder cancer in mice (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 124 (1998), S. 670-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Key words BBN-induced bladder cancer ; Mouse ; Survival period ; Genetic analysis ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of C57BL/6 J (B6) and NON male mice with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) resulted in a high incidence of bladder cancer. The mean survival period, however, differed significantly by strain: 481 ± 219 days in B6 (n = 31) and 203 ± 119 days in NON (n = 30) (P 〈 0.0001). Major causes of death were renal failure due to obstruction of the urinary tract, or local invasion of tumors. The fact that the BBN-treated NON × B6 reciprocal F1 mice had survival periods as short as those of the parental NON mice suggests a genetically dominant susceptibility in NON or recessive resistance in B6. A linkage analysis of 248 back-cross mice to B6 suggested at least two quantitative trait loci determining the length of the survival period: one was mapped close to D2Mit260 (logarithm of odds, LOD, score 2.21), a microsatellite marker locus 83 cM from the centromere on chromosome 2, and another was close to D6Mit159, 7 cM from the centromere on chromosome 6 (LOD score 2.51).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004320050230
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonenzymatic and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of 5-Fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUdR) Esters (1988)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 5 (1988), S. 741-744 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine ester ; ester prodrug ; esterase ; hydrolysis ; enzyme specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical and enzymatic reactivity of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine prodrugs esterified at the 3′ and 5′ positions with several acyl groups has been investigated. The enzymatic reactivity was affected by the acyl structure, the site of esterification, and the number of esters in the prodrug molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015972214747
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancing effects of an organic arsenic compound, dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid), in a multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 8 (1994), S. 197-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Dimethylarsinic acid ; two-stage carcinogenesis ; carcinogenicity ; urinary bladder ; multi-organ carcinogenesis promotion ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The modifying effects of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) on tumor induction in various organs were examined using a multi-organ rat carcinogenesis bioassay. A total of 124 six-week-old male F344/DuCrj rats were divided randomly into seven groups. For establishment of wide-spectrum initiation, animals in Groups 1-5 were treated with five carcinogens, namely N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) and N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) in the first four weeks. After a two-week interval, Groups 1-5 were then given 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm DMA, respectively, in drinking water. Groups 6 and 7 received 100 and 400 ppm DMA without any carcinogen pretreatment. All rats were sacrificed at the end of week 30. In the initiated groups (Groups 1-5), DMA enhanced tumor development in the urinary bladder, kidney, liver and thyroid gland. The main arsenic species in urine samples was DMA itself. In conclusion, the observed enhancement of carcinogenesis in the urinary tract as well as in the liver and thyroid gland may be directly due to this arsenic compound.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590080307
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methylation and Demethylation of Dimethylarsinic Acid in Rats Following Chronic Oral Exposure (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 741-745 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: dimethylarsinic acid ; chronic exposure ; demethylation ; arsenite ; rat ; urine ; feces ; methylation ; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) ; ion chromatography (IC) ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Metabolites of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were studied in rats chronically exposed to DMA in drinking water. The urine was collected by forced urination at the end of 8, 20 and 30 weeks and the feces at the end of 30 weeks. The samples were analyzed for arsenic species by a combined system of ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS). Increases in arsenite, DMA, trimethylarsine oxide and a still-to-be-identified arsenic compound (which was eluted immediately after monomethylarsonic acid on the chromatogram) were detected in both urine and feces. At the 100 mg l-1 dose, DMA was the main component in the urine; arsenite was a main component in the feces. The results indicate that, besides undergoing methylation, DMA can be demethylated to inorganic arsenic, and demethylation of DMA may be associated with intestinal bacteria
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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