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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 2 (1965), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Frage wird aufgeworfen, inwiefern man aus der Statistik der Impulsfolgen bei Spontanaktivität einzelner Neurone auf die Funktionscharakteristik des Neurons selbst und auf die Art seiner Einschaltung in das Nervennetz schließen kann. Die Untersuchung der Verteilung der Intervalle verschiedener Dauer zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Aktionspotentialen von Purkinjezellen des Froschkleinhirns ergibt, in Übereinstimmung mit den von anderen Autoren bei anderen Neuronentypen erhobenen Befunden, zwei Arten von Histogrammen: einerseits unimodale, vorwiegend bei Neuronen mit höherer Impulsfrequenz, andererseits bi- und trimodale, vorwiegend bei niedriger Impulsfrequenz. Die Form der unimodalen Verteilungen läßt, unter Annahme einer Gaußschen Verteilung der Erregungsniveaus im Eingang des Neurons, die sich aus der Summation einer großen Anzahl voneinander unabhängiger afferenter Erregungen ergibt, auf einen nichtlinearen Zusammenhang zwischen Erregungsniveaus und Dauer der Intervalle schließen; die unsymmetrische Verteilung der Intervalle wäre demnach als eine Verzerrung der statistisch gegebenen symmetrischen Verteilung der Erregungsniveaus zu verstehen. Diese Erklärung hat den Vorteil, kontinuierlich zu den bei niedriger Impulsfrequenz beobachteten unregelmäßigen Verteilungen überzuleiten, die sich einfach aus dem Zusammenbruch der statistischen Regelmäßigkeit im Falle von einer geringen Anzahl aktiver Fasern im Eingang ergeben. Die Untersuchung von Korrelationen innerhalb der Impulsfolgen mit Hilfe einer Verzögerungs- und Koinzidenzschaltung ergibt scharfe Maxima der Impulswahrscheinlichkeit als Funktion des zeitlichen Abstands von vorhergehenden Impulsen. Da diese Autokorrelogramme bei verschiedenen Neuronen derselben Art (Purkinjezellen des Froschkleinhirns) verschiedene Verläufe zeigen, wird zu ihrer Erklärung weniger eine Eigenschaft des Einzelneurons (Schwellenänderung nach em Aktionspotential) herangezogen, als die Rückwirkung des eurons auf sich selbst auf dem Umweg über andere Neurone es Nervennetzes. Die Korrelation zwischen Impulsreihen in erschiedenen Neuronen desselben Nervennetzes, die auf Grund ieser Annahme zu erwarten ist, wird in einigen Beispielen uch gefunden, wovon eines im Anhang gezeigt wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Keywords: Chiari I malformation; foramen magnum decompression; syringomyelia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous surgical procedures have been proposed for treatment of syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation, but the optimal treatment has not yet been uniformly standardised. The main aim of the surgical treatment of syringomyelia/Chiari I complex is directed toward restoration of physiological cerebrospinal fluid dynamic at the craniovertebral junction. We report the surgical results of eight patients, affected by syringomyelia and Chiari I malformation, age range from 18 to 62 years, treated by bony foramen magnum decompression combined with transverse microincisions of the outer layer of the dura mater. In an average postoperative follow-up period of two years neurological symptoms and signs improved in seven patients. Postoperative Magnetic Resonance showed a decrease in size of the syrinx in seven patients. These results suggest that foramen magnum decompression combined with transverse microincisions of the outer layer of the dura 1) is an effective and safe treatment option for syringomyelia and Chiari I malformation, 2) corrects the circulatory disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid dynamic, 3) leads to a decrease in size of the syrinx and to a significant improvement in neurological signs and symptoms, 4) avoids complications of intradural approaches and syringosubarachnoid shunting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Experimental foetal hydrocephalus ; ventriculo-amniotic shunt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After creating an experimental foetal hydrocephalus in sheep, we achieved its treatment utilizing the implantation of a ventriculo-amniotic shunt (mini-unishunt). The results obtained were satisfactory. However, it is evident that the application of an experimental technique in human foetuses requires maximum caution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Keywords: Extradurally growing spinal meningioma ; magnetic resonance ; emergency operation ; reversibility neurological lesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A rare case of an extradurally growing spinal meningioma in an elderly woman is reported. Neuro-imaging, particularly magnetic resonance (MR), allowed to recognize the lesion, which, otherwise, could raise problems of differential diagnosis with a spinal metastasis. An emergency operation, required by a sudden neurological deterioration, was decisive in recovery of neurological deficits. In a review of the literature, extradurally growing spinal meningiomas appear to occur with a higher frequency than it is thought. Therefore, they are to be suspected when dealing with extradural spinal lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 3 (1966), S. 8-13 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Summary A random network of threshold switching elements is experimentally observed. Various patterns of connexions are examined in an explorative but rather comprehensive review of the behaviour of a small network. Some predictions of previous theories are investigated. In particular the probabilistic approach is found effective within its limits of validity, confirming previous results by Smith et al. No general relationship is found between structure and operation except for the strong dependence of the activity of the whole network on small variations of the characteristics of the single active element and the pattern of connexions. A small amount of random refractoriness of the elements is shown to have a strong stabilizing effect on the behaviour of the network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A model of the early stages of the visual system is presented, with particular reference to the region of the visual field outside the fovea and to the class of retinal and lateral geniculate nucleus cells which are most active in the processing of pattern information (X-cells). The main neuroanatomical and neurophysiological properties taken into account are: the linear increase of the receptive fields diameter with eccentricity, the constancy of the overlap factor and the topological transformation operated upon the retinal image by the retino-cortical connection. The type of filtering taking place between the retina and the visual cortex is analyzed and some simulations are presented. It is shown that such a filtering is of a band-pass space variant type, with center frequencies that decrease from the center (i.e. the fovea) toward the periphery of the visual field. This processing is “form invariant” under linear scaling of the input. Moreover, considering the properties of the retino-cortical connection, it is shown that the “cortical images” undergo simple shifts whenever the retinal images are scaled or rotated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 3 (1987), S. 292-293 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Hydrocephalus ; Compliance monitoring ; Computerized elaboration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An incorrect choice of valve may produce a delay in psychomotor development in shunted hydrocephalic children. The intracranial pressure was measured for 24 h in 20 subjects suffering from nontumoral hydrocephalus, obtaining a pressure/volume index with compliance and perfusion pressure data. Their data were entered into a computer and used to determine the correct valve to be chosen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Intracranial pressure monitoring ; Fiberoptic device ; Ventricular device ; Craniocereberal trauma ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several intracranial pressure monitoring devices have been developed in the past several years. We have recently adopted the Camino fiberoptic device that permits subdural, intraparenchymal, and intraventricular monitoring. In this report we compare experiences in monitoring a group of pediatric patients with severe craniocerebral trauma and coma, grouped according to severity of Glasgow Coma Scale score. Patient age ranged from 2 to 16 years. Twelve patients were monitored by a ventricular catheter and 37, treated more recently, by a Camino fiberoptic device. The study demonstrated that the fiberoptic device and the ventricular catheter have the same accuracy and reliability. The fiberoptic method correlates very closely with the ventriculostomy method, but the pressure values are always 3±2 mmHg lower than those obtained with the conventional pressure transducer system, especially in more critically ill patients. This new technique is also easier to implant, safer to use, has minimal drift, and is minimally invasive, which particularly speaks for its use in pediatric patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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