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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hybrid Experimental – Numerical Full-Field Displacement Evaluation for Characterization of Micro-Scale Components of Mechatronic Systems (2006)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 113 (June 2006), p. 73-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hybrid experimental – numerical techniques are applied to the problem of theinterpretation of patterns of fringes that are generated by non-contact full-field experimentalmethods applied for analysis of dynamic displacement fields of MEMS components. It is shownthat even rather simple cantilever beam of a MEMS switch can exhibit complex dynamical responsedue to the nonlinearities of interactions and the surrounding noise. In many instances theinterpretation of experimental results is possible only after numerical simulation of MEMScomponents in virtual computational environments
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/02/22/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FSSP.113.73.pdf
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tribological testing of skin products: gender, age, and ethnicity on the volar forearm (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/purpose: Few studies have focused on the simultaneous measurement of the friction and electrical properties of skin. This work investigates the feasibility of using these measurements to differentiate between the effects of chemicals commonly applied to the skin. In addition, this study also compares the condition of the skin and its response to application of chemicals across gender, ethnicity, and age at the volar forearm.Method: Friction and electrical tests were performed on 59 healthy volunteers with the UMT Series Micro-Tribometer (UMT). A 13-mm-diameter copper cylindrical friction/electrical probe was pressed onto the skin with a weight of 20 g and moved across the skin at a constant velocity of 0.4 mm/s. Each volunteer served as his or her own control. The friction and electrical impedance measurements were performed for polyvinylidene chloride occlusion and for the application of glycerin and petrolatum.Results: No differences were found across age, gender, or ethnicity at the volar forearm. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) occlusion showed a small increase in the friction and a small decrease in the electrical impedance; petrolatum increased the friction by a greater amount but its effect on the impedance was comparable to PVDC occlusion; glycerin increased the friction by an amount comparable to petrolatum, but it decreased the impedance to a much greater degree than petrolatum or the PVDC occlusion. An amplitude/mean measurement of the friction curves of glycerin and petrolatum showed that glycerin has a significantly higher amplitude/mean than petrolatum.Conclusion: The properties of the volar forearm appear to be independent of age, gender, and ethnicity. Also, the simultaneous measurement of friction and electrical impedance was useful in differentiating between compounds administered to the skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00034.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coefficient of friction: tribological studies in man – an overview (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/purpose: Compared to other studies of skin, relatively few studies have focused on the friction of skin. This work reviews existing skin friction, emphasizing test apparatuses and parameters that have added to information regarding the friction coefficient. This review also outlines what factors are important to consider in future friction studies.Methods: Past studies have utilized numerous designs for a test apparatus, including probe geometry and material, as well as various probe motions (rotational vs. linear). Most tests were performed in vivo; a few were performed in vitro and on porcine skin.Results: Differences in probe material, geometry and smoothness affect friction coefficient measurements. An increase in skin hydration, either through water or through moisturizer application, increases its friction coefficient; a decrease in skin hydration, either through clinical dermatitis or through alcohol addition, decreases the coefficient. Differences are present between anatomical sites. Conflicting results are found regarding age and no differences are apparent as a result of gender or race.Conclusion: Skin friction appears to be dependent on several factors – such as age, anatomical site and skin hydration. The choice of the probe and the test apparatus also influence the measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.02366.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Friction coefficient of skin in real-time (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/purpose: Friction studies are useful in quantitatively investigating the skin surface. Previous studies utilized different apparatuses and materials for these investigations but there was no real-time test parameter control or monitoring. Our studies incorporated the commercially available UMT Series Micro-Tribometer, a tribology instrument that permits real-time monitoring and calculation of the important parameters in friction studies, increasing the accuracy over previous tribology and friction measurement devices used on skin.Methods: Our friction tests were performed on four healthy volunteers and on abdominal skin samples. A stainless steel ball was pressed on to the skin with at a pre-set load and then moved across the skin at a constant velocity of 5 mm/min. The UMT continuously monitored the friction force of the skin and the normal force of the ball to calculate the friction coefficient in real-time. Tests investigated the applicability of Amonton's law, the impact of increased and decreased hydration, and the effect of the application of moisturizers.Results: The friction coefficient depends on the normal load applied, and Amonton's law does not provide an accurate description for the skin surface. Application of water to the skin increased the friction coefficient and application of isopropyl alcohol decreased it. Fast acting moisturizers immediately increased the friction coefficient, but did not have the prolonged effect of the slow, long lasting moisturizers.Conclusion: The UMT is capable of making real-time measurements on the skin and can be used as an effective tool to study friction properties. Results from the UMT measurements agree closely with theory regarding the skin surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.20361.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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