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  • 1
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Serotonin ; sleep deprivation ; recovery sleep ; 5-HT2 receptor ; platelet 5-HT content ; platelet density distribution ; platelet IL-1β release ; major depression ; wakefulness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sleep deprivation (SD) represents a well-established therapy for major depression. Recent findings suggest that the antidepressive effects of sleep deprivation are mediated at least in part by pro-serotoninergic mechanisms. Furthermore, SD has been demonstrated to modify different host defense activities. We therefore investigated the serotonin (5-HT) content in platelets, platelet density distribution and 5-HT-induced IL-1β release from platelets in 10 healthy men before and after total SD (TSD) as well as after recovery sleep. Blood samples were drawn on 3 consecutive days at 7.00 h, 13.00 h, and 19.00 h, respectively. In addition, the psychophysiological parameters tiredness and wakefulness were assessed. After TSD the normal daily variation of IL-1β release with high morning levels and low evening levels was found to be significantly inverted. The release of IL-1β corresponded positively to the subjectively experienced tiredness of the probands. Analysis of platelet density distribution indicated a significant daily variation of low density platelets with low levels in the morning and high levels in the evening, which was absent after TSD. Our findings favour an increased pro-serotoninergic effect after TSD, which comprises respective variations of the host defense system, but is abolished by consecutive recovery sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Keywords: Serotonin ; voltammetry ; corticosterone ; stress ; rat.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The effect of daily repeated 10 min immobilization on the serotoninergic neurotransmission and serum corticosterone levels was studied. Male Lewis rats were immobilized for a 10 min period daily once or on 5 consecutive days. Serotoninergic neurotransmission was followed using differential in vivo pulse voltammetry with carbon fibre electrodes measuring extracellular 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. Recordings were performed in brain areas involved in the control of behaviour, mood, and stress response such as the frontal cortex, the hippocampal CA-3 and dentate gyrus, the striatum, and the raphe nuclei dorsalis (NRD) and medialis (MRN). The first immobilization resulted in an increase of the extracellular 5-HIAA levels in all areas under study, except the striatum where no reaction was observed. The major effect was recorded in the frontal cortex, showing an increase of about 400% as compared to control, which lasted for 3 h after the end of the immobilization period. Beginning on day 2 in all areas, except the striatum, a consecutive habituation to the stressor seemed to occur, since the stress-induced increase in the voltammetric signal was found to be reduced after consecutive immobilization. Serum corticosterone levels were measured directly after a single and after 5 daily immobilization periods. After single immobilization the serum corticosterone level was found to be about 270 ng/ml. After the 5th immobilization about 300 ng/ml were detected. These differences were not found to be significant. In summary, our data indicate that the serotonin metabolism shows habituation in nearly all brain areas after repeated immobilization, though the corticosterone level at the end of the immobilization period was comparable after single and repeated immobilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Acute abdominal pain ; Appendicitis diagnosis ; Scoring systems ; Medical decision making. ; Schlüsselwörter: Akute Appendicitis ; Scores ; Medizinische Entscheidungsfindung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Ein von Ohmann et al. in dieser Zeitschrift vorgestellter diagnostischer Score für die akute Appendicitis wurde überprüft. Dazu wurden die klinikopathologischen Verlaufsdaten von 2359 Patienten mit dem Verdacht auf eine akute Appendicitis analysiert und die Ergebnisse des Scores mit denen der Beurteilung durch einen Erst- und Abschlußuntersucher verglichen. Die diagnostische Fähigkeit des Scores wurde schlußfolgernd mit den Zielvariablen‚esamtgenauigkeit’ und‚ositiver Vorhersagewert’ mit dem χ 2-Test untersucht. Seine Fähigkeit Einfluß auf die klinische Entscheidungsfindung zu nehmen, wurde in gleicher Weise anhand der Zielvariablen‚egative Laparotomierate’ und‚ate diagnostischer Fehler’ bewertet. Bei den 2359 mit dem Verdacht auf eine akute Appendicitis vorgestellten Patienten wurde in 662 Fällen histologisch eine akute Appendicitis nachgewiesen (Prävalenz 28 %). Sensitivität, Spezifität, positiver und negativer Vorhersagewert sowie die Gesamtgenauigkeit betrugen für den Erstuntersucher 0,50; 0,94; 0,77; 0,83; 0,82, für den Score 0,63; 0,93; 0,77; 0,86 und 0,84 sowie 0,90; 0,94; 0,85; 0,96 und 0,93 für den Abschlußuntersucher. Bezüglich der Hauptvariablen der diagnostischen Eignung war einzig die Gesamtgenauigkeit des Scores im Vergleich zum Erstuntersucher signifikant besser (p 〈 0,05). Für den Score errechnete sich eine negative Appendektomierate von 14,3 %. Das beste Resultat erreichte der Score bei der Rate effektiv übersehener Fälle einer akuten Appendicitis: 0,9 %. Die Anzahl der potentiellen Perforationen sowie der stattgehabten Perforationen war nahezu vierfach höher als die des Abschlußuntersuchers (245 vs. 63). Bezüglich der Hauptvariablen der prozeduralen Eignung zeigte sich für den Score erneut nur im Vergleich zum Erstuntersucher eine signifikant bessere Rate diagnostischer Fehler (p 〈 0,05). Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung zeigen, daß dieser Diagnosescore sinnvoll eingesetzt werden könnte, insbesondere wenn erfahrene chirurgische Untersucher oder weiterführende diagnostische Modalitäten wie z. B. der Ultraschall nicht verfügbar sind. Er kann deshalb möglicherweise in der prästationären Diagnostik bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf eine akute Appendicitis als Entscheidungshilfe eingesetzt werden. Dieser Score könnte auch bei der Qualitätssicherung oder innerhalb klinischer Leitlinien Anwendung finden.
    Notes: Summary. A diagnostic scoring system, recently published by Ohmann et al. in this journal, was validated by analyzing the clinicopathological data of a consecutive series of 2,359 patients, admitted for suspicion of acute appendicitis. The results of the scoring system were compared to the results of clinical evaluation by junior (provisional) and senior surgeons (final clinical diagnosis). To assess the diagnostic ability of the score, the accuracy and positive predictive value were defined as the major diagnostic performance parameters; the rate of theoretical negative laparotomies and that of diagnostic errors served as the major procedural performance parameters. Of 2,359 patients admitted for suspected acute appendicitis, 662 were proven to have acute appendicitis by histology, for a prevalence of 28 %. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the provisional clinical diagnosis were 0.50, 0.94, 0.77, 0.83, and 0.82; 0.93, for the score 0.63, 0.93, 0.77, 0.86 and 0.84, and for the final clinical diagnosis 0.90, 0.94, 0.85, 0.96, and 0.93, respectively. Of the main diagnostic performance parameter, the accuracy of the score was signifianctly better than that of provisional clinical diagnosis (P 〈 0.05, χ 2 test). The score yielded a rate of negative appendecomies and laparotomies of 14.3 and 12.3 %. With respect to the rate of overlooked cases of acute apendicitis, the score demonstrated a superior performance, with only 6 cases missed (0.9 %). However, the number of patients with acute appendicitis, including those with perforated disease, who were not identified by the score, was almost four times that of the final clinical diagnosis (245 vs 63). With regard to the main procedural performance parameter, the score resulted in a significantly smaller number of diagnostic errors than the provisional clinical investigator (P 〈 0.05, χ 2 test). The results of this study indicate that the diagnostic scoring system might be helpful when experienced investigators or additional diagnostic modalities such as ultrasonography are not available. It may therefore be of value in the preclinical evaluation of patients with suspected acute appendicitis and may be instrumental as a quality control tool and in clinical guidelines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 8 (1875), S. 402-413 
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Leukocyte ; Subpopulation ; Cortisol ; Sleep deprivation ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sleep deprivation (SD) has enriched our treatment programme for major depression. SD has been demonstrated to modify different host defence activities. There is some evidence that there are reciprocal relationships between immune function and increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity in depression. We therefore investigated the number of leukocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, B cells, ¶T cells, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and salivary cortisol in 10 healthy men before and after total SD (TSD) as well as after recovery sleep. Blood samples were drawn on 3 consecutive days at 7 am, 1 pm and ¶7 pm, respectively. Comparison of the 7 am values by contrast analysis yielded significant differences for granulocytes (p = 0.044) and NK cells (p = 0.001) after SD and recovery sleep. NK cells decreased and granulocytes increased after SD and after recovery sleep. Significant differences between single points in time across the day were found for granulocytes (p = 0.022), monocytes (p = 0.031), T cells (p = 0.005), helper T cells (p = 0.004), cytotoxic T cells (p = 0.005) and NK cells (p = 0.017). No significant difference could be detected for leukocytes, lymphocytes and B cells counts. These results favour the thesis that SD and recovery sleep lead to changes in the distribution of peripheral leukocytes, especially in a reduction of NK cells after SD and recovery sleep. The cortisol rhythm was affected neither by SD nor recovery sleep.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two recently synthetized drugs combining H1- and H2-receptor antagonist activity in a single molecule (alitidine, clophetidine) were compaired for their potency in preventing histamine release and lifethreatening anaphylactoid reactionin vivo with the usually tested H1/H2-blocker combination dimetindene/cimetidine. Saline premedication in a fourth group served as control. Anaesthetized and ventilated pigs were administered H1/H2-blockers or placebo and 500 ml of blood were removed. Subsequently, 500 ml saline solution containing 1 mg/kg compound 48/80 for initiating histamine release were rapidly reinfused (n=15 pigs per group). The system proved reliable in creating hypotension and histamine release in the placebo group. The extent of histamine release did not differ between the placebo, alitidine and dimetindene/cimetidine groups. However, clophetidine was shown to be effective in preventing increases in plasma histamine after compound 48/80. Tachycardia was almost completely prevented by dimetindene/cimetidine, was diminished by clophetidine, but was not affected by alitidine. Hypotension following 48/80 was best reversed by clophetidine. This investigation suggests that clophetidine is a most promising drug in preventing histamine release and its circulatory effects in a pig anaphylactoid shock model. It requires, however, further quantitative confirmation in experiments with a two-group design only, since the analysis of variance is less suitable for the extreme variation of the plasma-histamine values after administration of compound 48/80.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-908X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Animal models are necessary for studies on the effectiveness of histamine H1- + H2-receptor antagonists in preventing life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions in anaesthesia and surgery. Clinical data were presented here for the first time which showed a clear correlation between the severe haemodynamic changes (shock and death) and plasma histamine levels. A dog model was developed which best resembled the clinical situation and was remarkably successful in showing the effectiveness of the H1- + H2-antagonist combination dimetindene and cimetidine compared to dimetindene (H1) alone and to low and high-dose corticosteroids. However, this model is no longer feasible after the new German Animal Protection Law in 1986. A piglet model was developed which was handicapped from the beginning by respiratory depression induced by compound 48/80 independently of histamine release. A dose had to be chosen which mostly induced only systemic histamine release reactions (grade 2), not life-threatening reactions (grade 3) confounded by respiratory distress. In addition, basal plasma histamine levels were higher than in man by one order of magnitude. however, the advantage of the piglet model was the influence of histamine on the heart rate which is similar to that in humans. In a randomized trial, the combination of dimetindene and cimetidine was superior to that of dimetindene and ranitidine or famotidine, respectively. The problem of “equieffective” doses in this field is discussed: separate clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of each combination in preventing most sufficiently life-threatening reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 11 (1997), S. 362 -365 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Ultrasound — Acute appendicitis — Prospective trial — Medical decision making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: Ultrasonography (US) by acknowledged experts enhances the diagnostic performance and reduces the rate of negative laparotomies in patients with suspected acute appendicitis (AA). Methods: The diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact of routine US performed by surgical residents was prospectively studied in 504 unselected patients admitted for AA. Clinical and US findings were correlated with laparotomy findings and pathological outcome in 135 patients (113 cases with proven AA, prevalence 22.4%) and clinical as well as follow-up data were compared in the remainder. Results: The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the clinical diagnosis of AA were 84.9%, 51.3%, and 94.6% and those of US were 93.6%, 83.1%, and 96.6%. Joint evaluation of the results from clinical evaluation and US further improved diagnostic performance (accuracy 93.4%, sensitivity 84.1%, specificity 96.2) and significantly reduced the rate of diagnostic errors to 3.4% (p 〈 0.001) and unnecessary laparotomies to 9.6% (p 〈 0.01) in patients with suspected AA. Conclusions: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the patient with suspected AA is considered to be of value in surgical practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical endoscopy and other interventional techniques 12 (1998), S. 278-280 
    ISSN: 1432-2218
    Keywords: Key words: Acute colonic diverticulitis, complications — Ultrasonography — Portal venous gas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The diagnosis and assessment of severity of acute colonic diverticulitis may be difficult. A case is presented, in which the delayed diagnosis of diverticulitis resulted in the development of a diverticular mesocolic abscess complicated by hepatic-portal venous gas (HPVG). The utility of ultrasound as a rapid, noninvasive tool to diagnose this distinctly rare condition is outlined. The literature on HPVG associated with acute colonic diverticulitis is reviewed, and the therapeutic options are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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