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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long range order in 2-D arrays of nanometer-sized Fe islands on CaF2/Si(111) (invited) (abstract) : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5056-5056 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effective magnetic moment was measured as a function of Fe island size during the initial stages of Fe growth on CaF2/Si(111) in an ultrahigh vacuum scanning electron microscope equipped with an in situ SMOKE analysis chamber. This substrate was selected for its wide bandgap, chemical inertness, viability of integration into an Si based technology and the availability of nanopatterning using electron beams for producing devices. Fe grown at room temperature initially nucleates into a monodisperse distribution of 3-D islands at very high nucleation densities (8×1012/cm2). Increased Fe coverages lead to 2-D island growth. A room temperature superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition occurs as a function of Fe island radius. Mean field and Monte Carlo calculations illustrate that three distinct magnetic phases exist as a function of island diameter. Ferromagnetic order is present at room temperature when r(approximately-greater-than)3 nm, superparamagnetism is favored when 2 nm 〈 r 〈3 nm, and a frustrated random antiferromagnetic phase exists when r〈2 nm. Further depositions of Ag on superparamagnetic Fe island arrays produce Ag islands which couple the covered Fe island moments in-plane, implying that the Ag mediates the magnetic exchange between individual Fe islands within an Ag island. Implications for 2-D giant magnetoresistance devices will be discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361570
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field-induced metastable states in ultrathin films of fcc Fe/Cu(100) (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 1036-1038 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thickness dependence of both the perpendicular and in-plane magnetization is observed for pseudomorphic ultrathin, fcc Fe epitaxial films grown on room temperature Cu(100). Ferromagnetically ordered 3.5-monolayer-thick films display both in-plane and perpendicular remanence. Perpendicular remanence, lost after a 9.0 kOe static field is applied perpendicular to the film plane, can be restored by either heating or applying large in-plane fields. These field-induced metastable states are interpreted in terms of magnetoelastic effects which modify the exchange and anisotropy constants both perpendicular to and within the film plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110962
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface magnetization processes investigated by the combined surface magneto-optical Kerr effects in Fe/Cu(100) thin films : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 5589-5591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Surface and ultrathin-film anisotropies in epitaxial fcc Fe thin films grown on room temperature Cu(100) single crystals in an ultrahigh vacuum has been investigated, in situ, by the combined surface magneto-optical Kerr effects (SMOKE). When the applied field is perpendicular to the film surface, rotation processes occurring between out-of-plane and in-plane directions suggest the presence of an induced uniaxial (canted) anisotropy directed out of the plane of the film. This hypothesis is tested with a simple coherent rotation model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355650
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlations between ultrathin film microstructure and magnetic properties for room temperature epitaxial films of fcc Fe/Cu(100) (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7422-7430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Correlation studies between thin film nanostructure and macroscopic magnetic properties in ultrathin fcc Fe films grown epitaxially on room temperature Cu(100) substrates were performed in situ using an ultrahigh vacuum scanning transmission electron microscope and the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect. Nanometer lateral spatial resolution secondary electron microscopy revealed no gross morphological changes in the 2–10 monolayer thickness range. The use of broad-beam Auger electron spectroscopy as an indicator of Cu surface cleanliness is shown to have insufficient sensitivity to detect surface contamination as evidenced by corresponding secondary electron micrographs. Cu(100) surfaces with both (nearly) perfect and imperfect surface structure, and identical Fe coverages, possess nearly identical polar and longitudinal Kerr hysteresis loops. Analysis of reflection high-energy electron diffraction patterns confirms that Fe films grown on room temperature Cu(100) remain fcc with the same in-plane lattice constant as the Cu template, for thicknesses up to 10 ML.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354990
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrahigh-vacuum scanning electron microscopy characterization of the growth of Fe on CaF2/Si(111): Selective nucleation on electron-beam modified surfaces (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 8105-8112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The initial stages of Fe island growth on electron-beam modified and unmodified CaF2/Si(111) surfaces were studied with a nanometer lateral spatial resolution ultrahigh-vacuum scanning electron microscope. Fe coverages between 7 and 8 ML (deposition rates from 0.12 to 0.19 ML/min, 1 ML=7.7×1014 atom/cm2) grown on room temperature through 300 °C CaF2/Si(111) relaxed and unrelaxed substrates produced a relatively uniform distribution of islands that cover 23% of the substrate with an island density of 7.4×1012 island/cm2. Chemical or defect dominated Fe growth on the CaF2/Si(111) substrates is indicated by the temperature independence of the Fe island distributions for 20 °C≤T≤300 °C. Substrate temperatures near 400 °C yielded mottled surfaces and an altered island distribution relative to those formed during growth at temperatures between 20 and 300 °C. Parallel step edges separated by 25–75 nm were observed for unrelaxed films of CaF2 on Si(111), while relaxed CaF2 films exhibited a saw-toothed step pattern. Fe coverages of aitch-theta=21.4 ML produced a percolation network of connected islands rather than a continuous film covering the CaF2 substrate. The production of nanometer-sized surface structures was evaluated for electron-beam modified growth of Fe on CaF2/Si(111) substrates. Pregrowth (100 keV, 8.2–140 pA) electron irradiation doses as low as 1.14 C/cm2 altered the Fe film morphology on the selectively irradiated regions. Areas dosed with electron irradiation prior to Fe growth were more stable to the damaging effects of post-growth electron irradiation as compared to regions that had not been exposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357859
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The initial phases of epitaxy of fcc Fe/Cu(100): Supersurface and subsurface island formation : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 5592-5594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nanometer transverse resolved real space observations of the initial phases of room-temperature heteroepitaxy of fcc Fe/Cu(100) indicate that vertical atomic site exchange occurs locally. The formation of two-dimensional supersurface and subsurface islands has been characterized by secondary and Auger electron imaging. The persistence of vertical site exchange during the deposition of the first two monolayers is not inconsistent with the lack of observed ferromagnetism for the room-temperature grown fcc Fe/Cu(100) at these coverages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355651
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of nanometer-size metallic particles on CaF2(111) (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 1161-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fe, Co, and Ag particles grown on various CaF2 substrates have been studied using ultrahigh vacuum scanning electron microscopy with nanometer resolution. Fe and Co show a very high nucleation density which is remarkably independent of deposition temperature in the range 20〈T〈300 °C, on both bulk CaF2(111), and on thin CaF2(111) films grown on Si(111). This feature is characteristic of nucleation at defect sites with a high trapping energy. An atomistic nucleation model has been extended to cover this case. The comparison with experiment requires adsorption, pair binding, and defect trapping energies all to be around 1 eV. The trapping sites occupy 1% of the surface, and are thought to be chemical (F-vacancy, oxide, or hydroxide) in nature. In contrast, the growth of Ag on the same substrates shows a more usual nucleation and growth pattern, though the growth of Ag on Fe islands shows interesting features which are discussed. A self-similar coalescence model is tested using the data obtained. The agreement is excellent for Ag, while Co and Fe show the expected deviations due to limited surface diffusion around the islands. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362854
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced superparamagnetism in two-dimensional arrays of nanometer-sized Fe islands (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2878-2880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Iron grown on room-temperature CaF2/Si(111) substrates form two-dimensional arrays of nanometer-sized superparamagnetic islands. Deposition of Ag on the Fe/CaF2/Si(111) produced a superparamagnetic response where the effective moment was proportional to the number of Fe islands covered by an average-sized Ag island. The nonmagnetic Ag overlayer mediates a long-range exchange between neighboring Fe islands within an individual Ag island. Monte Carlo methods are used to examine ordering in two dimensions and to set minimum interisland coupling strengths. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114815
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