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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 7 (1985), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Sonography ; Anatomy ; Midbrain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'anatomie de la région mésencéphalique est étudiée au moyen de l'échographie. Cette étude repose d'une part sur 150 échographies de nouveau-nés et de jeunes enfants et d'autre part sur des coupes anatomiques de cerveaux d'adultes et d'enfants. Les traits caractéristiques de l'échographie qui permettent le repérage des structures, sont discutés.
    Notes: Summary The anatomy of the midbrain region as being presented by means of sonography is analysed. The investigation is based upon sonograms of 150 newborns and infants as well as on anatomical dissections of brains of adults and children. Characteristics of sonography which are relevant for the disposition of structures are being discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surgical and radiologic anatomy 18 (1996), S. 323-328 
    ISSN: 1279-8517
    Keywords: Optic nerve sheath ; Intracranial pressure ; Perineural subarachnoidal space ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; ONSD measurement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'existence d'un élargissement des enveloppes du n. optique suggère que l'augmentation de pression intra-crânienne est transmise aux espaces subarachnoïdiens périnerveux. Ce phénomène est devenu intéressant depuis que les méthodes échographiques sont capables de mesurer le diamètre des enveloppes du n. optiquein vivo de façon non invasive avec une résolution de moins de 0,5 mm. Pour étudier les variations normales et l'élasticité des enveloppes du n. optique, des techniques histologiques et des mesures échographiques ont été utilisées sur 54 préparations de nn. optiques humains avant et après avoir été soumis à la pression. Dans les échantillons non traités postmortem, le diamètre le plus large était de 3 mm en arrière du globe (allant de 2,1 à 4,8 mm). Après injection d'un volume dans l'espace subarachnoïdien périnerveux orbitaire, toutes les enveloppes nerveuses ont été élargies (maximum du diamètre des enveloppes du n. optique : 6,5 mm). L'élargissement des enveloppes a touché de façon prédominante la partie antérieure (moyenne 1,6 mm soit 50,2 %), les régions postérieures ont montré une dilatation moins marquée (31,6 %). Aucune corrélation n'a été trouvée concernant le changement du diamètre des enveloppes du n. optique (ONSD) et le diamètre de la base. L'analyse de variance des résultats échographiques a montré que les changements de valeur concernant les ONSD dépendent (a) de la position de la mesure sur n. optique mais aussi (b) de l'origine du nerf (différent/même sujet) alors que le côté (gauche ou droit) ou les erreurs inter opérateurs étaient négligeables. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs individuels déterminent le diamètre des enveloppes à la base et leur élasticité. La différence d'élargissement induite par la pression sur l'élargissement des enveloppes le long du nerf peut en partie venir de la distribution hétérogène des fibres subarachnoïdiennes trabéculaires entre le nerf et ses enveloppes. En conclusion les mesures du ONSD à des fins cliniques devraient être ciblées sur la région immédiatement située en arrière du globe oculaire. A condition que la pression soit élevée autour de la partie orbitaire du n. optique, la mesure bilatérale du diamètre ONSD devrait donner des résultats comparables.
    Notes: Summary The presence of enlarged optic nerve sheaths (ONS) suggests that raised intracranial pressure is transmitted to the perineural subarachnoid space (SAS). This phenomenon has gained interest because ultrasound methods are able to quantify the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD)in-vivo non-invasively with a resolution below 0.5 mm. In order to study the normal variation and distensibility of the human ONS. Histologic techniques and sonographic measurements were applied to 54 human optic n. specimens before and after exposure to pressure. In untreated postmortem specimens, the largest diameters were found 3 mm behind the globe (baseline range: 2.1 to 4.8 mm). Following volume injection into the orbital perineural SAS, all n. sheaths were enlarged (maximum ONSD 6.5 mm). The sheath expansion affected predominantly its anterior section (mean 1.6 mm, e.g. 50.2%); the posterior regions showed markedly less dilatation (31.6%). No relation was found between the change of ONSD and the baseline diameter. Variance analysis of the sonographic results showed that the observed ONSD change depends on (a) the position of measurement along the nerve, as well as on (b) the origin of the nerve (different/same subject), whereas lateral (left/right) or inter-investigator differences proved negligible. Our results suggest that individual factors determine both baseline sheath diameter and distensibility. The different extent of pressure-induced sheath expansion along the nerve may be partly due to the non-uniform distribution of subarachnoid trabecular fibers between nerve and sheath. In conclusion, measurements of the ONSD for clinical purposes should be targeted to the region immediately behind the globe. Under conditions of raised pressure around the intraorbital optic n., bilateral ONSD measurements should give comparable findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet cell antibodies ; Type 1 diabetes mellitus ; mumps infection ; virus infections ; autoimmunity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Islet cell antibodies were investigated in 127 non-diabetic children after mumps infection and in four out of seven children who developed diabetes mellitus shortly after active mumps vaccination. Twenty-one of the children who had mumps and all four vaccinated children who were tested had islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies. In contrast, islet cell surface antibodies were detected in 43 out of 68 patients with mumps infection and in 32 out of 44 patients with other viral diseases. All but one mumps-infected child and all the other viral infected patients investigated did not develop diabetes mellitus. The mumps-infected ICA positive children did not show those HLA-frequencies associated with Type 1 diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Islet cell antibody ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes ; standards ; quality control ; Juvenile Diabetes Foundation units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Forty-one assays were analysed at the 3rd International Workshop on the standardisation of islet cell antibodies. Analysis of precision demonstrated assays consistently detecting blind duplicates within one doubling dilution and capable of discriminating one doubling dilution differences in islet cell antibody concentration. Some assays, however, reported duplicates discrepantly by more than seven doubling dilutions, and consequently could not distinguish even large quantities of islet cell antibodies. Precision was best in assays from laboratories which had participated in all three Standardisation Workshops and was not dependent upon methodology. The use of the Juvenile, Diabetes Foundation reference islet cell antibody standard and standard curves reduced the scatter of results, and was best amongst assays with better precision. Twenty-seven assays reported all ten blood donor sera as negative. However, 14 assays did not, and specificity (negativity in health) was 〈50% in three assays. Low specificity was strongly associated with poor precision. The detection limit of assays ranged from 〈5 to 50 JDF units and was partially dependent upon methodology. Assays incorporating extended incubation had the lowest detection limits without a decrease in the specificity of the ten blood donor sera. Precise quantification is fundamental for the standardisation and comparability of islet cell antibodies. Precise quantitative assays have been identified and reference standards and common units established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) ; DNA-antibodies-Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ; Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ; Connective tissue diseases ; Antinucleäre Faktoren (ANF) ; Anti-DNS-Antikörper ; Lupus erythematodes disseminatus (LED) ; Rheumatoide Arthritis (RA) ; Kollagenosen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Antinucleäre Antikörper und Anti-DNS-Antikörper wurden in den Seren von 60 Patienten, die an einem Lupus erythematodes disseminatus und 40 Patienten, die an einer rheumatoiden Arthritis erkrankt waren, bestimmt. Antinucleäre Faktoren ließen sich mit den verschiedenen Methoden in unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit und Titerhöhe nachweisen. Insgesamt wurden 9 verschiedene Untersuchungsmethoden für z.T. unterschiedliche Antikörperspezifitäten angewandt. Für die Anwendung in der Klinik erscheint eine Kombination verschiedener Techniken für die Diagnostik und Verlaufsbeobachtungen am ehesten geeignet, um neben dem pauschalen Nachweis der antinucleären Antikörper insgesamt einige spezifische Antikörperbefunde zu erfassen. Für Verlaufsbeobachtungen beim Lupus erythematodes disseminatus ist die radioimmunologische Bestimmung mit Hilfe eines Farr-Assays oder einer Doppelantikörpertechnik und wenn möglich simultaner Bestimmung der Antikörper gegen Einzelstrangund Doppelstrang-DNS am sinnvollsten.
    Notes: Summary Hundred ana-positive sera — 60 sera of SLE-patients and 40 sera of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis — were investigated for ana and DNA-antibodies. For these purposes nine different methods including several radioimmunological and immunofluorescence techniques with partially distinct antigen-specificities were tested. While the radioimmunoassays showed only slightly different results, significant differences in sensitivity as well as in antibody specificity existed mainly in the indirect immunofluorescence techniques using different substrates. For clinical use, a combination of various techniques seemed to be usefull i.e. indirect immunofluorescence on hemolysed bird erythrocytes and on frozen native rat liver sections. For DNA-antibodies in diagnosis and control during the course of the diseases the radioimmunoassay with simultaneous detection of antibodies to single-and double stranded DNA is most suitable. Antibodies to distinct nuclear antigens are detectable in various amount in the rheumatic diseases. While ds-DNA-antibodies seemed to be most specific for SLE, ss-DNA-antibodies occurred in nearly all ana-positive sera and seemed to be less specific for one disease than all the other ana-fractions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Thyroiditis ; hyperthyroidism ; humoral antibodies ; passive hemagglutination. indirect immunofluorescence ; sensitized lymphocytes ; leukocyte migration test ; thyroid malignomas ; Thyreoiditis ; Hyperthyreose ; humorale Antikörper ; passive Hämagglutination ; indirekte Immunfluorescenz ; sensibilisierte Lymphocyten ; Leukocytenmigrationstest ; Schilddrüsentumoren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 37 Patienten mit Hyperthyreose, 23 Patienten mit verschiedenen Formen einer Thyreoiditis und 10 Patienten mit Schilddrüsenmalignomen wurden die humoralen Immunreaktionen mit der passiven Hämagglutination nach Boyden und mit der indirekten Immunfluorescenz untersucht. Gegen Schilddrüsenantigene (Thyreoglobulin sowie mikrosomale Fraktion der Schilddrüse) sensibilisierte weiße Blutzellen wurden mit dem Leukocytenmigrationstest nachgewiesen. Zur Bestimmung der organunspezifischen Antikörper gegen Kernfaktoren (ANF) wurde die indirekte Immunfluorescenz an hämolysierten Hühnererythrocyten verwandt. Bei einem Teil der Patienten wurden gleichzeitig die Immunglobuline mit der Mancini-Technik quantitativ bestimmt. Die bei diesen Untersuchungen erhobenen Befunde zeigen, daß sich bei den untersuchten Krankheitsbildern sowohl humorale Antikörper als auch sensibilisierte Zellen im in vitro-Test gegen die Schilddrüsenantigene nachweisen ließen. Dabei fand sich ein deutlicher Unterschied im Verteilungsmuster der Immunreaktionen. Bei der Thyreoiditis überwog die humorale, bei der Hyperthyreose die celluläre Immunantwort. Bei den Malignomen fanden sich sensibilisierte Zellen nur bei den speichernden Formen. während die Leukocyten von Patienten mit undifferenzierten Malignomen nicht reagierten. Antinucleäre Faktoren in niedrigen Titern ließen sich sowohl bei einem Teil der Thyreoiditisfälle als auch in etwas höherem Prozentsatz bei der Hyperthyreose nachweisen. Bei den Hyperthyreosen zeigte sich eine Korrelation zwischen der Schwere der Erkrankung und den cellulären Immunreaktionen gegen das mikrosomale Antigen. Bei zunehmender Schwere der Erkrankung war eine deutliche Abnahme der cellulären Immunreaktionen zu finden, während die Zellen von Patienten mit einer leichteren Verlaufsform der Hyperthyreose deutliche Reaktionen zeigten. Die hier beschriebenen Ergebnisse können als weiterer Hinweis auf die Bedeutung von Autoimmunvorgängen nicht nur bei der Thyreoiditis, sondern auch bei der Hyperthyreose gelten. Die Entstehung unterschiedlicher Krankheitsbilder aus gemeinsamer Disposition wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary 37 patients with hyperthyroidism, 23 patients with various forms of thyroiditis and 10 patients with malignomas of the thyroid were examined for humoral thyroid antibodies as well as for lymphocytes sensitized against thyroid antigens. Passive hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence were used for the studies of humoral antibodies while circulating lymphocytes were examined with the leukocyte migration test. For this test thyroglobulin and the microsomal fraction of glands with hyperthyroid function served as antigens. Measurement of antinuclear factors was performed with the indirect immunofluorescence method using hemolyzed chicken red cells. In some patients the levels of serum immunoglobulins were measured. It was shown that in thyroid disorders of the various types, not only humoral antibodies but also sensitized lymphocytes against thyroid antigens are present. There was a marked difference regarding the “distribution-pattern” of the immune reactions. While in patients with thyroiditis a predominance of the humoral immune response was found, patients with hyperthyroidism had a more marked cellular immune response. — In the group of patients with malignant tumours only those able for iodine uptake, i.e. with mature cell types showed sensitized lymphocytes against thyroid antigens. — Antinuclear factors were found in low titers in both groups (thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism).—A correlation was found in patients with hyperthyroidism between the severity of the disease and the extent of the cellular immune response in vitro. Increasing activity of the disease was accompanied by a decrease of cell reactivity of the white blood cells. The results are interpreted as further indications for the important role of autoimmune mechanisms not only in chronic thyroiditis but also in hyperthyroidism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 67 (1989), S. 286-290 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis ; Immunoglobulin therapy ; Immunomodulation ; B cell activation ; B lymphocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVGG). In 6 patients clinical results were impressive, although lasting responses could be achieved in 3 patients only. This treatment was immunomodulating, since the immunoregulatory T-cell ratio (CD4/CD8) decreased following therapy by reducing CD4-positive cells in-vivo. By use of anti-μ-antibodies as a B-cell specific mitogen, IVGG-treatment was seen to suppress early processes of B cell activation. In parallel to these cellular effects, IVGG led to a reduction in the levels of polyethyleneglycol-precipitated circulating immune complexes as measured by lasernephelometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European radiology 8 (1998), S. 1245-1247 
    ISSN: 1432-1084
    Keywords: Key words: Aplasia of internal carotid artery ; Premature infant ; Power angio mode
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This case report describes aplasia of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in a preterm infant. The collateral circulation could be mapped with power angio mode (PAM) and was confirmed by conventional angiography. In the literature, there is no case of ICA aplasia diagnosed at this early age. PAM is a method for imaging infantile cerebral vessels as reliably as angiography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 365-368 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Spleen haemangioma ; Kasabach-Merritt syndrome ; Fibrinogen degradation products ; Consumption coagulopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an 11-year-old girl with a 2-year history of bruising associated with thrombocytopenia and dysfibrinogenaemia. On admission she presented with a large sub-cutaneous haematoma and splenomegaly and was severely anaemic. Laboratory investigations revealed signs of consumption coagulopathy. Radiological examination showed splenic, retroperitoneal and intra-ossal haemangiomas. After splenectomy, platelet count and coagulation parameters returned to normal. Conclusion Contrary to widely held views, occult visceral haemangioma can lead to Kasabach-Merritt syndrome beyond infancy and is not necessarily associated with visible cutaneous haemangioma. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic thrombocytopenia at any age. Early determination of fibrinogen degradation product levels is advised in order to detect an underlying chronic consumption coagulopathy prompted by an extensive search for multifocal haemangioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 365-368 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Spleen haemangioma ; Kasabach-Merritt syndrome ; Fibrinogen degradation products ; Consumption coagulopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report an 11-year-old girl with a 2-year histor of bruising associated with thrombocytopenia and dysfibrinogenaemia. On admission she presented with a large subcutaneous haematoma and splenomegaly and was severely anaemic. Laboratory investigations revealed signs of consumption coagulopathy. Radiological examination showed splenic, retroperitoneal and intra-ossal haemangiomas. After splenectomy, platelet count and coagulation parameters returned to normal. Conclusion Contrary to widely held views, occult visceral haemangioma can lead to Kasabach-Merritt syndrome beyond infancy and is not necessarily associated with visible cutaneous haemangioma. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic thrombocytopenia at any age. Early determination of fibrinogen degradation product levels is advised in order to detect an underlying chronic consumption coagulopathy prompted by an extensive search for multifocal liaemangioma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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