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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational dimethylformamide exposure (1992)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 63 (1992), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Air monitoring ; Biological monitoring ; Diffusive sampling ; Dimethylformamide ; Monomethylformamide ; Urinalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between the 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) intensity of exposure toN, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) vapor (with little possibility of skin contact with liquid DMF) and the subsequent excretion ofN-monomethylformamide (MMF) precursor in shift-end urine samples was examined in 116 workers exposed to DMF and 92 workers exposed to DMF in combination with toluene. Urinary MMF level was examined also in 42 non-exposed subjects. The TWA vapor concentration in breathing zone air of each worker was successfully measured by means of a recently developed diffusive sampler in which water was used as an absorbent. The examination of gas chromatographic (GC) conditions for MMF determination showed that the formation of MMF was not saturated when the injection port temperature was set at 200°C, reached a plateau at 250°C, and showed no additional increase at 300°C. There was a linear relationship between DMF in air and MMF in urine with a regression equation ofy =1.65x + 1.69 (r = 0.723,P〈0.01), wherey is MMF (unit; mg/l, uncorrected for urine density) in urine andx is DMF (ppm) in air, when only those exposed to DMF were selected, and the injection port temperature was set at 250°C. From this equation, it was possible to estimate that about 10% of the DMF absorbed will be excreted into urine as the MMF precursor. The slope of the regression line was significantly smaller among those exposed to DMF and toluene in combination as compared with those with DMF exposure only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572111
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symptoms and signs in workers exposed predominantly to xylenes (1993)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 64 (1993), S. 597-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Health effects ; Hematology ; Serum biochemistry ; Subjective symptoms ; Xylenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Surveys were conducted in factories in China where workers were engaged in the production of rubber boots or plastic-coated wire or in printing work, and were exposed to xylene vapors. Based on the data on exposure as monitored by personal diffusive sampling, 175 xylene-exposed workers (107 men and 68 women) were selected as those (1) who underwent all examinations and (2) for whom the sum of the three xylene isomers accounted for 70% or more of the total exposure (on a ppm basis). The intensity of exposure was such that the sum of the three isomer concentrations was l4 ppm as a geometric mean and 21 ppm as an arithmetic mean. As controls, 241 nonexposed workers (116 men and 125 women) were recruited either from the same factories or from factories in the same regions. There was an increased prevalence of subjective symptoms in the exposed workers which were apparently related to the effects on the central nervous system and to the local effects on the eyes, the nose, and the throat, although dose-dependency of the symptoms was evident in only a limited number of cases, possibly because the intensity of exposure was rather low. It was further observed that the findings of hematology and serum biochemistry in respect of liver and kidney functions were generally negative, showing that xylenes are not toxic to the hematopoietic organs, the liver, or the kidney.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517707
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational dimethylformamide exposure (1992)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 63 (1992), S. 461-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Alcohol intolerance ; Dimethylformamide ; Hematology ; Liver function ; Serum biochemistry ; Subjective symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A factory survey was conducted in a plant whereN,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was in use during the production of polyurethan plastics and related materials. In all, 318 DMF-exposed workers (195 men and 123 women) and 143 non-exposed controls (67 men and 76 women) were examined for time-weighted average exposure (to DMF and other solvents by diffusive sampling), hematology, serum biochemistry, subjective symptoms, and clinical signs. Most of the exposed workers were exposed only to DMF, whereas others were exposed to a combination of DMF and toluene. DMF exposure in the former group was up to 7.0 ppm (geometric mean on a workshop basis), whereas it was up to 2.1 ppm in combination with 4.2 ppm toluene. Both hematology and serum biochemistry, results (including aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and amylase) were essentially comparable among the 3 groups. There was, however, a dose-dependent increase in subjective symptoms, especially during work, and in digestive system-related symptoms such as nausea and abdominal pain in the past 3-month period. The prevalence rate of alcohol intolerance complaints among male (assumedly) social drinkers was also elevated in relation to DMF dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572112
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of blue-yellow color vision loss among workers exposed to toluene or tetrachloroethylene, mostly at levels below occupational exposure limits (1992)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 64 (1992), S. 113-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Color vision loss ; Occupational exposure limit ; Organic solvent ; Tetrachloroethylene ; Toluene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Possible color vision loss was examined with Lanthony's new color test and Ishihara's color vision test in 261 solvent workers and 120 controls (48 men and 72 women). The solvent workers were exposed to either predominantly toluene [46 ppm as geometric mean (GM); 63 men and 111 women], tetrachloroethylene alone (13 ppm; 30 men and 34 women), or a mixture (14 men and 9 women) of tetrachloroethylene (12 ppm) and trichloroethylene (7 ppm). The only instances of color vision loss that were detected in either the exposed workers or the controls were six cases of red-green loss (all in men). These six cases of red-green loss showed an unbiased distribution between the exposed workers and the nonexposed controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381478
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acid Rain and Below-Cloud Scavenging in South-Western China (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 27 (1997), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: washout ; scavenging ; Southern China ; sulphur dioxide ; acid rain ; simulation ; aerosol ; cloudwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Major urban areas in south-western China exhibit unique air pollutionproblems due to increasing use of high sulphur-content fuels in an environmentof unfavourable topography and climate. Ambient levels of sulphur dioxideexceed the air quality objectives, and this gas is the major precursor of acidrain. Cloudwater chemistry studies are reported for urban, suburban andcountryside locations, during the period 1985–1989. Although cloudwateracidity was found to increase towards the cloud base, the acidity was muchgreater for rainwater samples collected simultaneously, and was morepronounced in urban rather than neighbouring suburban or countryside regions.The main contribution to the acidity arises from below-cloud scavenging of gasand aerosol and model calculations are able to simulate this behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005852700933
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