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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 103 (1981), S. 5423-5429 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Propofol ; Target-controlled infusion (TCI) ; Präzision ; Bias ; Disoprifusor-TCI® ; Key words Propofol ; Target-controlled infusion (TCI) ; Precision ; Bias ; Disoprifusor-TCI®
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In Germany a TCI-system for propofol (Disoprifusor-TCI®) has been commercially available since spring 1997. We investigated the prediction error and precision of this TCI system as part of a multicentre study. Bias, precision, blood concentrations and dosage of propofol were compared with patients receiving propofol via a manually controlled infusion device. Methods: After approval by the local Ethics Committee and written informed consent, 21 patients of ASA-classification I to III scheduled for major abdominal surgery received either a target controlled infusion (group T, Disoprifusor-TCI®) or a manually controlled infusion (group M) of propofol. The propofol plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC. The prediction error for each measurement, the median prediction error (MDPE) or bias, the median absolute prediction error (MDAPE) or precision and the divergence (change of the prediction error over infusion time) were calculated for both groups. Results: For all patients in group T (n = 12) the bias of the TCI system was 6.7% and the precision 27.5%. For 70% of all measured plasma concentrations the absolute prediction error was ≤ 37%. The divergence was −5.4% per hour. For all patients in group M (n = 9) the bias was 44.2% and the precision 50%. The mean amount of propofol infused per kilogramm body weight and hour was signifikant higher in T (9.0 ± 1.2 mg/kg/h) than in M (6.6 ± 1.2 mg/kg/h, p 〈 0.005). Conclusions: With a precision of 27.5% the investigated TCI system (Diprifusor-TCI®) showed an acceptable inaccuracy, as for TCI-systems a median prediction error of ± 30% has to be expected due to the inherent variability of pharmacokinetic parameters. Further studies will be necessary to find out whether the investigated TCI system for propofol may offer substantial advantages.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit April 1997 ist in Deutschland ein TCI-System für Propofol (Disoprifusor-TCI®) kommerziell erhältlich. Wir haben Prädiktivität und Präzision dieses Systems untersucht und mit dem Bias, der Präzision, dem Propofolverbrauch und dem Blutspiegelverlauf einer manuell gesteuerten Infusion verglichen. Methode: 21 Patienten erhielten randomisiert eine intravenöse Anästhesie mit Propofol entweder als manuell gesteuerte Infusion oder als TCI. Blutplasmaspiegel wurden mittels HPLC bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Für das untersuchte TCI-System ergab sich eine Präzision von 27,5% und ein Bias von 6,7%. In der manuellen Gruppe betrug der Bias 44,2% und die Präzision 50%. Die durchschnittlich infundierte Propofolmenge (9,0 ± 1,2 vs. 6,6 ± 1,2 mg/kg/h, p 〈 0,005) und die mittlere Propofolplasmakonzentration (3,7 ± 0,5 vs. 3,0 ± 0,5 µg/ml, p 〈 0,05) waren in der TCI-Gruppe signifikant höher. Schlußfolgerung: Die in dieser Studie ermittelte Präzision und der Bias des untersuchten TCI-Systems ist nur unwesentlich größer als die Variabilität der pharmakokinetischen Parameter selbst, und kann somit als akzeptabel angesehen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 345 (1985), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 0378-4347
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0022-4731
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 5 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Twenty ASA 1 children, one to six years old, weighing 10–20 kg, scheduled for a combination of general and caudal anaesthesia received at random midazolam 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg·kg−1 or NaCl 0.9% (control group) intranasally. Drug or NaCl 0.9% were administered in one nostril, after inhalation induction of anaesthesia, intubation without relaxant and caudal anaesthesia. Spontaneous respiration was via a circle system and fresh gas flow of 61·min−1 (N2O/O2= 2:1), PEEP 5 cm H2O, endtidal halothane 0.4%.Immediately before and 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 60 and 120 min after application of the drug 2.5 ml blood was sampled for plasma levels of midazolam. Endtidal CO2, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded as long as the children were intubated. Endtidal CO2 and respiratory rate showed no statistical difference between the groups at any time, however, in the group receiving 0.6 mg·kg−1, -endtidal CO2 increased significantly from 5.3 kPa (41 mm Hg) at the start to 5.9 kPa (45.5 mm Hg) after 30 min. Plasma levels of midazolam were detected 2 min after application in 10 of 15 patients. Median peak levels were found between 12 and 16 min. Medians of peak plasma levels showed no statistical difference between the three groups (0.2 mg·kg−1:111 ng·ml−1, 0.4 mg·kg−1:136 ng·ml−1, 0.6 mg·kg−1:277 ng·ml−1). After 30, 60 and 120 min medians of midazolam plasma concentration were significantly higher in the group 0.6 mg·kg−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 7 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Midazolam was applied transmucosally in 47 children randomly assigned to three different groups. Group N received 0.2 mg·kg−1 nasally, group R 0.5 mg·kg−1 rectally, and group S 0.2 mg·kg−1 sublingually. All groups were treated 60 min prior to a planned i.v. puncture with EMLA®. Reliable and valid psychological parameters (such as emotional situation, shivering, awareness, respiratory rate and facial colour) were scored after premedication and before and after i.v. puncture, 20 min after premedication and until induction. A blood sample was drawn 10, 30 and 60 min after premedication and the levels of midazolam, alpha-hydroxy-midazolam, ACTH, glucose and cortisol were measured. In all three groups the plasma levels of midazolam 10 min after premedication were higher than 70 ng·ml−1 (accepted as a sedative level). 30 min after premedication the midazolam level in the sublingual group was statistically significantly higher than in the nasal group and the psychological parameters in all three groups were significantly changed (10 min after premedication). The psychological parameters were not significantly different between the three groups over the whole study. Sublingual premedication has some advantages (most readily accepted, highest plasma levels and lowest deviations) and could be the first choice in premedication of children. All three transmucosal applications are safe and well accepted, although nasal application was rejected by two of the children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 38 (1992), S. 267-287 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; electrons ; electrolyte ; ionic conduction ; electric field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The imposition of a dc voltage across an oxide-ion-conducting solid electrolyte, upon which a gradient in the chemical potential of neutral oxygen (O, O2) is maintained, causes coupled gradients in the electrochemical potentials of oxygen ions and electrons. The concept of balancing these gradients to provide oxidation protection at high temperatures is discussed. Experimental results show a significant reduction in the oxidation of a zircaloy substrate under an applied electric field near the open-circuit potential. The current densities required are small enough to allow the use of electrically-conducting-ceramic electrodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European food research and technology 130 (1966), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Auf Aluminiumoxid G (Merck) als Schichtmaterial werden Endrin, Dieldrin, Methoxychlor, Tedion, p,p′-DDT und Thiodan mit n-Heptan als Fließmittel dünnschichtehromatographisch getrennt, auf Kieselgel mit n-Heptan + 1% Aceton auch Lindan und p,p′-DDD sowie p, p′-DDE und Heptachlor, die auf Aluminiumoxid G paarweise gemeinsame Flecken liefern. Die Trennung von DDT und Alodan gelang mit keinem der beiden Schichtmaterialien. 2. Von Dieldrin, Methoxychlor, Tedion und DDT sowie seinen Abbauprodukten DDD und DDE können mit Silbernitrat-Ammoniak noch 0,05 μg nachgewiesen werden, von den übrigen getesteten Substanzen 0,1 bis 0,4μg. 3. Für die semiquantitative Bestimmung von DDT wird eine dünnschichtchroma-tographisehe rückstandsanalytische Methode angegeben. Die Durchführung der Bestimmung erfolgt nach einem in Anlehnung anKovacs Jr. modifizierten Verfahren, der Nachweis auf Kieselgel mit ammoniakalischer Silbernitratlösung nachMorley undChiba. 4. Die Brauchbarkeit der Methode wird an 129 Analysen belegt. DDT-Mengen zwischen 0,25 und 10 mg/kg werden bei 9 verschiedenen Obst- und Gemüsearten in Abhängigkeit von der Warengattung durchschnittlich zu 83 bis 101% wiedergefunden, bei Selleriekraut zu 77%. 5. Die Methode wird wegen ihrer Einfachheit und der guten Genauigkeit als semi-quantitatives Verfahren für Routineanalysen in der Marktkontrolle empfohlen. Die Ergebnisse können 5 Std nach der Probenahme vorliegen. 6. Orientierende Untersuchungen haben ergeben, daß die Methode prinzipiell auch für Lindan und andere chlororganische Insecticide anwendbar ist und nach Modifizierung des Cleanup auf fetthaltige Lebensmittel übertragen werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 50 (1982), S. 85-88 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Hexachlorocyclohexane ; Metabolism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Urine and organe of rats were examined for metabolites after oral dosage of thebeta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH).Beta-HCH was converted to 2,3,4- and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), to other isomers of TCP, and to 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 22 (1979), S. 699-707 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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