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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 7 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Midazolam was applied transmucosally in 47 children randomly assigned to three different groups. Group N received 0.2 mg·kg−1 nasally, group R 0.5 mg·kg−1 rectally, and group S 0.2 mg·kg−1 sublingually. All groups were treated 60 min prior to a planned i.v. puncture with EMLA®. Reliable and valid psychological parameters (such as emotional situation, shivering, awareness, respiratory rate and facial colour) were scored after premedication and before and after i.v. puncture, 20 min after premedication and until induction. A blood sample was drawn 10, 30 and 60 min after premedication and the levels of midazolam, alpha-hydroxy-midazolam, ACTH, glucose and cortisol were measured. In all three groups the plasma levels of midazolam 10 min after premedication were higher than 70 ng·ml−1 (accepted as a sedative level). 30 min after premedication the midazolam level in the sublingual group was statistically significantly higher than in the nasal group and the psychological parameters in all three groups were significantly changed (10 min after premedication). The psychological parameters were not significantly different between the three groups over the whole study. Sublingual premedication has some advantages (most readily accepted, highest plasma levels and lowest deviations) and could be the first choice in premedication of children. All three transmucosal applications are safe and well accepted, although nasal application was rejected by two of the children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1996), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words Carbon disulphide ; Coronary heart disease ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography Effort test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract ⋅Objective The aim of the study was to examine whether an increase can be detected in the prevalence of coronary heart disease or a higher prevalence of unusual cardiological findings in workers with occupational exposure to carbon disulphide (CS2) at the level of the threshold limit value of 10 ppm currently valid in occupational medicine. ⋅ Methods In a cross-sectional study we investigated 247 men occupationally exposed to CS2 and a comparable control group (n=222). The current exposure to CS2 was measured using personal air monitoring and biological monitoring of all test persons. A cumulative exposure index (median of CS2 exposure in the past multiplied by the duration of employment) was calculated. In addition to collecting comprehensive anamnestic data on all persons, we carried out a physical examination, an ultrasound examination of the large arteries, a resting and exercise ECG and an echocardiographic examination. ⋅ Results No increase could be found in the prevalence of coronary heart disease or of arteriosclerotic findings in the exposed subjects. There was no difference in the distribution of the performance of the two groups in the ergometric tests. The echocardiogram showed a median increase in the diameter of the left atrium and left ventricle of 1–2 mm in the exposed subjects. These differences could also be confirmed statistically after multiple linear regression analysis. The left ventricular, telesystolic diameter was positively associated (P〈0.05) with internal exposure (CS2 metabolite in urine), and fractional shortening revealed a plausible negative trend (P=0.0755). Current external exposure (CS2 in air) and cumulative exposure did not influence any of the parameters investigated. ⋅ Conclusion The findings may indicate a negatively inotropic effect of CS2 so far unknown in man. However, no clinical relevance for this effect was apparent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 67 (1995), S. 243-252 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Carbon disulphide ; Coronary heart diseases ; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ; Apolipoprotein A-I ; Shift work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate risk factors for coronary heart disease and factors which can influence the course of acute myocardial infarction in workers exposed to CS2 we performed a cross-sectional study of 247 workers in the viscose industry. The control group of 222 men from the same plant was comparable for age, social status and physical work. The CS2 exposure determined by personal air sampling ranged from 〈 0.2 ppm to 65.7 ppm (median: 4.0 ppm) and the duration of exposure ranged from 4 to 220 (median: 66) months. Using a multiple linear regression model we found neither higher blood pressure at rest or after exercise, nor hyperlipoproteinaemia in a higher degree, nor lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or lower apolipoprotein A-I levels, nor higher blood glucose values, nor indicators of direct cardiotoxic effects or signs of disturbances in blood coagulation in the exposed group in comparison to controls. Regarding the influence of chronic exposure on the investigated parameters, we found an inverse correlation of the cumulative exposure (mean CS2 exposure in the department multiplied by the duration of work in this department) with the HDL concentration. The HDL levels correlated with the duration but not with the intensity of exposure. In the same way the apolipoprotein A-I levels showed a negative association with the duration of exposure in the exposed group as well as in the control group. The HDL concentrations showed the same trend for the controls. It therefore seems that this finding is more likely due to confounding factors than to the CS2 exposure. As all subjects (exposed and controls) have done shift work, in some cases for a long time, this kind of work could be responsible for the negative relationship between the duration of employment as a shift worker and the apolipoprotein A-I and HDL levels. At the current air-borne levels no significant differences were found between the exposed persons and the controls in the distribution frequency for blood pressure values, lipoproteins, blood glucose, blood coagulation and indicators of direct cardiotoxic effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 32 (1979), S. 127-139 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The theory of electrical properties of ice by Jaccard is reviewed. Using a matrix notation it is shown that the theory can be extended to a larger class of defects and some discrepancies with an earlier formulation are explained. A universal relation between the electrical parameters is derived and allows a quantitative verification of the theory. Experimental data from ice doped with HF and NH3, spreading over several decades in conductivity, can be collapsed on this relation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-8256
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 11 (2000), S. 184-191 
    ISSN: 1435-1544
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Barorezeptorreflex – Closed-Loop-Stimulation –¶Valsalva Manöver – physische und psychische Belastung ; Key words Baroreceptor reflex – Closed Loop Stimulation –¶Valsalva maneuver – physical and mental stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: The role of the cardiovascular system is to keep up an adequate perfusion pressure in order to maintain the homeostasis in the organism. In this context, the baroreceptor reflex, as the short-term mechanism, is of major importance. As a result of chronotropic incompetence, e.g. because of a dysfunction of the sinus node, the control mechanisms of the baroreceptor reflex do not function, changes of blood pressure are no longer adequately compensated and the heart rate is not adjusted to the current needs. The Inos2CLS pacemaker provides a system that includes the baroreceptor reflex in the regulation of the stimulation rate and the systemic blood pressure and thus reestablishes the functioning of the baroreceptor reflex.¶Aim of the study: Aim of the study was to prove that the baroreceptor reflex is included in the regulation of the stimulation rate by the pacemaker Inos2CLS. Furthermore, the functionality of the system under emotional and physical stress was tested.¶Methods: 30 patients (14 male, 16 female, mean age 70.9±7 years) were implanted with the pacemaker system Inos2CLS. In order to prove the inclusion of the baroreceptor reflex in the Closed Loop Stimulation, the patients had to perform the Valsalva maneuver at the 3-month follow-up investigation. Blood pressure as well as heart rate were continually recorded by a fina-press system. Afterwards, the patients had to perform a mental stress test (Color-Word Test). The physical stress was performed by a symptom-limited treadmill ergonometry. Blood pressure was recorded according to Riva/Rocci. The development of the rate as well as the differentiation between intrinsic and stimulated atrial events was recorded by the data analysis of the pacemaker.¶Results: All 28 patients, who were included in the investigation, showed a change in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate which is typical for the Valsalva maneuver. In phase 1 (rest) the MABP was 93±13mmHg, it increased in phase 2 to 113±21mmHg, and dropped in phase 3 to 84±16mmHg. A second peak in phase 4 was at 99±12mmHg. As expected, the MABP leveled off to 94±8mmHg. At the beginning of the test, the mean rate was at 73±10bpm and increased to a maximum in phase 3 of 88±12bpm. Splitting the patients into two groups, one patients 〈70years, the other patients ≥70years, demonstrated that blood pressure and heart rate of the older group varied less. These results reflect the reduced baroreceptor sensitivity in elderly people and can be considered as a physiological phenomenon.¶ During the first mental phase of the Color-Word Test, blood pressure and heart rate increased by 17mmHg and 6bpm, respectively. After a two-minute rest, the test was repeated. An analogous behavior of blood pressure and heart rate could be observed.¶ The results of the treadmill ergonometry showed for all patients an adequate development of blood pressure and heart rate, adapted to the actual situation. The exemplary development of blood pressure and heart rate of a female patient (53years, 172cm, 98kg, indication sicksinus syndrome) showed that only stimulated atrial events could be observed up to the aerobic-anaerobic threshold. When stress increased, the patient‘s sinus node controlled the heart rate.¶Conclusion: This study suggests that the Closed Loop Stimulation reestablishes the baroreceptor reflex in the case of chronotropic incompetence. By simply monitoring the contraction dynamics without any further sensor systems, it may be possible to offer an optimal rate adaptation in mental and physical stress situations in the case of bradyarrhythmia combined with chronotropic incompetence. Because of the reestablishment of the baroreceptor reflex, it can be expected that the patients‘ prognosis improves significantly and, leads to an increase of the patients‘“quality of life”.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die grundlegende Aufgabe des kardiovaskulären Systems ist die Aufrechterhaltung eines adäquaten Perfusionsdrucks zum Erhalt der Homöostase im Organismus. Dafür kommt dem Barorezeptorreflex als dem wesentlichen kurzfristig wirkenden Mechanismus eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Als Folge der chronotropen Inkompetenz z.B. durch eine Sinusknotendysfunktion ist der Regelungsmechanismus des Barorezeptorreflex außer Kraft gesetzt; es werden Änderungen des Blutdrucks nicht mehr ausreichend kompensiert und die Herzfrequenz kann nicht an die augenblicklichen Erfordernisse angepaßt werden. Mit dem Herzschrittmacher liegt nun ein System vor, das den Barorezeptorreflex in die Regelung der Stimulationsfrequenz und des systemischen Blutdrucks mit einbezieht und damit die Funktion des Barorezeptorreflex wiederherstellt.¶Studienziel: Ziel der Untersuchungen war der Nachweis der Einbindung des Barorezeptorreflex in die Regelung der Stimulationsfrequenz über den Herzschrittmacher. Weiterhin wurde die Funktionalität des Systems während psychischer und physischer Belastung untersucht.¶Methoden: 30 Patienten (14m/16w, mittleres Alter 70,8±7 Jahre) wurde das Herzschrittmachersystem INOS2CLS (BIOTRONIK, Berlin) implantiert. Im Rahmen der Follow-up-Untersuchung 3 Monate post-implantation wurde zum Nachweis der Einbindung des Barorezeptorreflex in die Closed-Loop-Stimulation bei 28 Patienten das Valsalva-Manöver durchgeführt. Dabei wurde kontinuierlich der Blutdruck sowie die Herzfrequenz mittels eines Fina-Press-Systems aufgezeichnet. Anschließend wurde ein mentaler Stresstest (Color-Word-Test) durchgeführt. Die physische Belastung erfolgte durch eine symptomlimitierte Laufbandergometrie. Dabei wurde der Blutdruck nach Riva/Rocci aufgezeichnet. Der Frequenzverlauf sowie die Unterscheidung zwischen atrialen Eigenaktionen und atrial stimulierten Ereignissen erfolgte durch die Datenanalyse des Schrittmacherspeichers.¶Ergebnisse: Alle 28 Patienten zeigten den für das Valsalva-Manöver typischen Verlauf von mittlerem arteriellen Blutdruck (MABP) und der Herzfrequenz. Von einem MABP in Ruhe von 93±13mmHg in Phase 1 ausgehend, stieg der MABP in Phase 2 auf 113±21mmHg an, um in Phase 3 auf 84±16mmHg abzufallen. Ein zweiter Gipfel in Phase 4 lag bei 99±12mmHg. Im Verlauf pendelte sich der MABP wie erwartet wieder bei 94±8mmHg ein. Die mittlere Frequenz lag zu Beginn des Tests 73±10bpm und stieg auf ein Maximum in Phase 3 von 88±12bpm an. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraumes nach einer Minute lag die mittlere Herzfrequenz bei 75±7bpm. Eine Aufteilung der Patienten in zwei Gruppen in unter 70-jährige und 70-jährige und Ältere zeigte, dass der Blutdruck und die Herzfrequenz der älteren Gruppe geringere Variationen aufweist. Dieses Ergebnis spiegelt die herabgesetzte Barorezeptorsensitivität im Alter wider und ist als physiologisches Phänomen zu werten. Ausgehend des Ruhezustandes erfolgte in der ersten psychischen Belastungsphase des Color-Word-Tests eine Erhöhung des Blutdrucks und der Herzfrequenz um 17mmHg bzw. 6bpm. Nach einer 2-minütigen Erholungsphase wurde der Test wiederholt, wobei ein gleichsinniges Verhalten des Blutdrucks und der Herzfrequenz zu beobachten waren.¶ Die Ergebnisse der Laufbandergometrie zeigten für alle Patienten einen adäquaten, der jeweiligen Belastungssituation angepassten Verlauf von Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz. Der exemplarische Verlauf von Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz einer Patientin (53Jahre, 172cm, 98kg, Indikation: Sick-Sinus-Syndrom) zeigte, dass bis an die aerob-anaerobe Schwere im Wesentlichen nur stimulierte atriale Ereignisse zu beobachten waren. Bei weiter steigender Belastung übernahm der Sinusknoten der Patientin dann die Führung der Herzfrequenz.¶Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit sprechen dafür, dass die Closed-Loop-Stimulation den Barorezeptorreflex bei chronotroper Inkompetenz wiederherzustellen in der Lage ist. Es scheint allein aufgrund der Beobachtung der Kontraktionsdynamik ohne weitere Sensorsysteme möglich, eine optimale Frequenzanpassung in psychischen und physischen Belastungssituationen bei bradykarden Rhythmusstörungen zu bieten. Durch die Wiederherstellung des Barorezeptorreflex ist zu erwarten, dass sich die Prognose der Patienten wesentlich verbessert und eine Erhöhung der „Quality of Life“ der Patienten zu verzeichnen ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 32 (1979), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of both theories are compared. This gives the possibility to interpret terms of the one theory in terms of the other. The comparison suggests also that the ice lattice can be interpreted in two different ways as dipole lattice which have distinct values for the dielectric constant and of which both have physical significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 43 (1960), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Reduktion von N-Methyl-p-phenanthrolin-monojodmethylat mit Natrium-dithionit einerseits, mit Natriumborhydrid andererseits, entstehen zwei verschiedene N-Methyl-dihydro-p-phenanthroline. Ersteres wird mit (a), letzteres mit (b) bezeichnet. Im N-Methyl-dihydro-p-phenanthrolin (a) liegt wahrscheinlich die p-Dihydroverbindung, im N-Methyl-dihydro-p-phenanthrolin (b) das o-Dihydroderivat vor. Letzteres lässt sich leicht in das Isomere (a) umlagern.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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