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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of diabetes mellitus on survival after myocardial infarction: can it be modified by drug treatment? (2000)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 43 (2000), S. 218-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction, 28-day mortality, long-term survival, population-based register, secondary prevention.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. Mortality of diabetic patients after myocardial infarction remains high despite recent improvement in their management. This study population-based evaluates the impact of cardiovascular drug therapy on mortality within 28 days and during 5-year follow-up in diabetic compared with non-diabetic patients.¶Methods. Using the MONICA Augsburg register from 1985 to 1992, 2210 inpatients with incident Q-wave myocardial infarction aged 25–74 years were included, of whom 468 had diabetes. Primary end point was mortality within 28 days and over 5 years. General linear model procedures were used for age-adjustment, controlling for sex, and testing significance; hazard risk ratios were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards model procedures.¶Results. During the 5-year follow-up, 598 subjects died (396 diabetic, 202 non-diabetic). The mortality rate within 28 days was 12.6 % in diabetic patients (women 18.0 %, men 9.9 %) and 7.3 % in non-diabetic patients (p = 0.001). Mortality in diabetic patients over 5 years was increased by 64 % (95 % confidence interval 1.39–1.95) compared with non-diabetic patients. This was considerably reduced (p 〈 0.001) in patients treated with thrombolytic drugs (risk ratio: diabetes 0.57, no diabetes 0.65) and with beta blockers (0.62 and 0.64) and antiplatelets (0.76 and 0.74) at hospital discharge. Mortality of diabetic patients treated with these drugs was reduced to that of non-diabetic patients without such treatment (risk ratio 1.01 to 1.27; p 〉 0.1).¶Conclusion/interpretation. Diabetic patients after myocardial infarction are at particularly high risk of dying, but benefit clearly from treatment with thrombolytics, beta blockers and antiplatelets. This study does not, however, allow any inferences to be drawn for treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or the impact of left ventricular function. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 218–226]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050032
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Familial components of the multiple metabolic syndrome: the ARIC Study (1997)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 40 (1997), S. 963-970 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Parental history ; insulin resistance syndrome ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; hypertension.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The association of a parental history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension with the multiple metabolic syndrome (MMS) was studied in a population survey of middle-aged adults. The eligible population was drawn from the baseline examination of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, a population-based, bi-ethnic, multi-centre cohort study. The MMS was defined as a multivariate, categorical phenotype of co-occurring diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. MMS cases (n = 356) were compared to disorder-free control subjects (n = 6797) with respect to their parental history of diabetes and hypertension. MMS cases were more likely to report a history of diabetes in both parents (odds ratio [OR] 4.7, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.5–14.7) or a history of hypertension in both parents (OR 1.9, 95 % CI 1.1–3.0) than control subjects, adjusting for BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, age, gender, and ethnicity/centre. A parental history of diabetes and hypertension in both parents was associated with the greatest increase in odds of MMS (OR 8.3, 95 % CI 3.0–22.8). A dose-response relationship between the number of parental disorders (one; two; three to four) and the odds of MMS was observed (OR 1.2, 95 % CI 0.9–1.7; OR 2.0, 95 % CI 1.4–2.8; OR 4.0, 95 % CI 2.5–6.2). Based on the marked associations observed between a parental history of MMS components and the clustering of these metabolic disorders in the offspring generation, we conclude that genetic and/or non-genetic familial influences play a role in the development of the multiple metabolic syndrome. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 963–970]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050775
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Treatment of hypertension (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 1229-1236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: High blood pressure ; Epidemiologic study ; Treatment ; Control ; Drug utilization ; Electrocardiogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the Munich Blood Pressure Study (MBS), a cross-sectional study (MBS I) with follow-up (MBS II) of a random sample of 3,198 citizens aged 30–69 (response rate, 69.3%), treatment and control of hypertension were examined. Of the actual hypertensives 59% (221) in MBS II (373) were on drug treatment and about two-thirds (150) of those being treated had controlled blood pressure (BP). Women's BP was better controlled than men's. Of the 221 treated hypertensives 85% (188) received types of drugs or drug combinations which were in accordance with the recommendations of the German Hypertension League. However, this did not apply to the prescribed dosages of the various drugs. Of the treated hypertensives 52% were either on a diuretic, on a beta-blocker, or on a combination of both drugs. Rauwolfia alkaloids combined with a diuretic were given to 27%. In 79% of the participants who had received a beta-blocker either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents and who still had high BP values, the prescribed beta-blocker dosage was below the recommended daily dose. Fatigue was the most frequently reported symptom, possibly attributable to antihypertensive drug treatment. Electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy were found less frequently in controlled hypertensives, in comparison to treated but uncontrolled hypertensives or untreated hypertensives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01734464
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attenuation of picosecond electrical pulses by two-dimensional electron gases integrated in coplanar striplines (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 3053-3057 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have measured the attenuation of picosecond electrical pulses by two-dimensional electron gases that are monolithically integrated in coplanar transmission lines. By integrating the two-dimensional electron gas structure into the transmission line, we avoid impedance mismatches that give rise to spurious reflection. The attenuated transients are simulated by an equivalent circuit transmission line model, where the conductivity of the two-dimensional electron gas underneath the transmission line is taken into account. The measured pulses are fitted with a specific conductivity of the layers corrected with a mode overlap factor, which describes the overlap of the electrical field lines with the two-dimensional layer. We obtain an overlap factor of 0.8–1.1. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361246
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relation of markers of fetal growth with asthma, allergies and serum immunoglobulin E levels in children at age 5–7 years (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background It has been suggested that fetal growth and maturation have an impact on the development of allergic diseases later in life.Objective To examine the association between measures of fetal growth and allergic disease in children at age 5–7 years.Methods As part of the German International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood phase II surveys, a random sample of school beginners (n=1138) was examined in 1995. Data on anthropometric measures at birth and gestational age were obtained from maternal copies of birth records. Data on symptoms and doctor-diagnosed asthma, atopic dermatitis and hayfever were gathered by parental questionnaires. Atopic sensitization was assessed by serum IgE and skin prick tests to common aeroallergens. Children (741) had complete data for the explanatory variables of interest and were thus eligible for this analysis. Confounder-adjusted prevalence odds ratios (PORs) and means ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multiple logistic and linear regression.Results Birth weight and gestational age were positively associated with atopic sensitization (Ptrend=0.025 and 0.035, respectively). Children with a low birth weight relative to head circumference had a decreased risk of sensitization (POR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21–0.91; Ptrend=0.020). Moreover, total serum IgE increased with increasing birth weight (Ptrend=0.042). No consistent relationship was observed between markers of fetal growth and wheezing, doctor-diagnosed asthma, atopic dermatitis and hayfever.Conclusion These data suggest that fetal growth and maturity are associated with atopic sensitization and total serum IgE levels in childhood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01890.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atopic dermatitis, extrinsic atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis: results from a cross-sectional study (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Atopic Dermatitis (AD), hayfever and asthma are commonly summarized as atopic diseases. The spatial distribution of AD differs from that of asthma and hayfever, suggesting that AD might follow a different risk pattern than these diseases. AD can be differentiated into an allergic extrinsic form (EAD) and a non-allergic intrinsic form (IAD). Only EAD might follow the distribution and risk pattern that have been ascribed to asthma and hayfever.Objective To investigate the distribution and risk factor profile of AD and EAD focusing on environmental factors relating to the hygiene hypothesis.Methods Population-based cross-sectional study on 12 601 children aged 5–7 and 9–11 years from Dresden (Eastern Germany) and Munich (Western Germany). Information was obtained by International Study of Asthma and Allergic Childhood questionnaires, dermatological examinations and skin prick testing. AD-diagnosis ever, current AD-symptoms and visible eczema were investigated with their respective extrinsic forms.Results Maternal and paternal history of AD were equally strong determinants of the child's AD status. Factors related to the hygiene hypothesis like day-care attendance and number of older siblings were not associated with a decreased risk of AD. The proportion of EAD within AD was higher in Eastern than in Western Germany. The determinants of the diseases appeared to be similar for both EAD and IAD.Conclusions There was no evidence of the hygiene hypothesis holding true for AD or EAD. AD might be a separate entity than respiratory atopic diseases. Little is known about the risk factors of AD and factors different from those of respiratory allergic diseases should be considered in future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02350.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflectivity measurements of femtosecond carrier and field dynamics in semiconductors (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 3267-3269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Carrier and field dynamics in a photoconductive switch are investigated by voltage modulated reflectivity. Measurements are performed with single, femtosecond pulsed and cw probe beams, and with pulsed pump and probe beams. We investigate the spatial dependence of the reflectivity changes and show that for mode-locked probe light the signal at the positive electrode completely dominates the response. The comparison of above and below bandgap excitation and reflectivity changes resolves the contributions of carrier-induced field changes and those due to the modulation of the applied field. Photoconductive switches on p- and n-doped substrates show that field enhancement at the Schottky barriers has only secondary influence. We explain the results in terms of a two-dimensional field distribution which produces the largest field gradient and hence acceleration of carriers at the electrodes and that the higher mobility of electrons accounts for the dominant signal appearing at the positive electrode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111305
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarization dependence of the electroabsorption in low-temperature grown GaAs for above band-gap energies (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 2968-2970 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have measured the electroabsorption in low-temperature grown GaAs by performing room-temperature transmission experiments in the spectral range from 1.3 to 1.9 eV for different electric fields induced by a voltage applied to a metal-semiconductor-metal structure. The devices were separated from the substrate by using an epitaxial liftoff technique. Therefore, we have been able to observe the electro-optic effect at the fundamental band gap as well as at the split-off band edge. The absorption is clearly polarization dependent at the fundamental band gap but only weakly at the split-off band gap, in agreement with the theory of the Franz–Keldysh effect. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116371
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Above band gap absorption spectra of the arsenic antisite defect in low temperature grown GaAs and AlGaAs (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 37-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Room temperature absorption spectra of low temperature molecular beam epitaxy grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) and AlGaAs (LT-AlGaAs) are reported. We performed measurements in an extended spectral range from 0.8 eV to photon energies of 2.8 eV far above the band gap. For as-grown LT-materials, the absorption coefficients at the band gap are twice as high as for high temperature grown materials. By annealing the samples, we obtained a drastic reduced absorption coefficient below as well as above the band gap. We observed absorption changes up to 17 000 cm−1 for LT-GaAs and 9000 cm−1 for LT-AlGaAs taking place in a two phase process. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116748
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Annealing induced refractive index and absorption changes of low-temperature grown GaAs (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 65 (1994), S. 3269-3271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Large changes of the refractive index (Δn≈0.25) and absorption coefficient (Δα≈16 000 cm −1) of GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at low substrate temperature (LT-GaAs) induced by annealing are reported. The refractive index difference between the LT-GaAs layer and the GaAs substrate are determined from both, the amplitude of the Fabry–Pérot oscillations and the shift of their extrema towards shorter wavelengths yielding nearly the same results. With increasing anneal temperature the excess refractive index as well as the strong absorption at photon energies below the GaAs band gap (determined by transmission measurements) disappear around 700 °C. © 1994 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.112433
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