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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excitatory amino acids, monoamine, and nitric oxide synthase systems in organotypic cultures: biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Amino acids 19 (2000), S. 33-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-2199
    Keywords: Keywords: Amino acids ; Basal ganglia ; Dopamine ; Nitric oxide ; Excitatory amino acids ; Organotypic culture ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. The nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems of the rat have been re-constructed using the organotypic culture model, whereby neonatal brain tissue is grown in vitro for approximately one month. The nigrostriatal cultures consisted of tissue from the substantia nigra, dorsal striatum and frontoparietal cortex; while the mesolimbic cultures included the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum and cingulate cortex. The cultures were grown at 35°C in normal atmosphere, using a tube-roller device placed in a cell incubator and changing the medium every 3–4 days. The in vitro development was evaluated with an inverted microscope equipped with a variable relief contrast function. Samples were taken directly from the medium in the culture tube and analysed for several amino acids with HPLC. After a month the cultures were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. High levels of glutamate and aspartate were observed every time the medium was changed, but the levels rapidly decreased reaching a steady state after approximately 24 h. A decrease in the levels was also observed along development, reaching stable values (∼2 μM and ∼0.12 μM for glutamate and aspartate, respectively) at approximately two weeks, but only when the cultures showed an apparently healthy development. The levels were approximately 10 times higher in deteriorating or apparently damaged cultures. Glutamine levels were in the mM range and remained stable along the entire experiment. No differences were observed among nigrostriatal and mesolimbic cultures. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the impressions obtained from microscopic and biochemical analysis along the in vitro development, revealing apparently healthy neuronal systems with characteristics similar to those observed in vivo, when tyrosine hydroxylase and nitric oxide synthase, markers for dopamine and nitric oxide containing neurons, respectively, were analysed. In the substantia nigra, nitric oxide synthase-positive networks surrounded tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, while in the striatum nitric oxide synthase dendrites were surrounded by tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve terminals, suggesting a reciprocal interaction among dopamine and nitric oxide containing neurons. Thus, the organotypic model appears to capture many of the neurochemical and morphological features seen in vivo, providing a valuable model for studying in detail the neurocircuitries of the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007260070031
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sonographic detection of internal jugular vein thrombosis after central venous catheterization in the newborn period (1994)
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 24 (1994), S. 577-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We sonographically investigated the internal jugular veins of 40 children who had undergone catheterization of the vein (group A: silastic catheter,n-24; group B: polyurethane catheter,n=16) in the neonatal period. The average age at catheter implantation was 43±73 days, the average birthweight 2414±1145 g, and the average gestational age 34.8±5.0 weeks. We performed follow-up longitudinal and transverse high resolution sonographic scans including routine examination of the contralateral jugular vein at a mean age of 3.7±1.5 years. In group A thrombotic alterations were detected in 8 aut of 24 patients. In three of these patients we found mild clinical symptoms. In group B thrombotic alterations were detected in 1 aut of 16 patients without clinical symptoms. Mean birthweight (1815 versus 3313 g) and mean gestational age (32.3 versus 38 weeks) were significantly lower and indwelling time of the catheters (18 versus 11 days) was significantly longer in group A. Our results indicate that jugular vein thrombosis is a frequent long-term complication in neonates after jugular vein catheterization. High resolution ultrasonography is an adequate method for detecting jugular vein thrombosis and should therefore routinely be performed for long-term follow-up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02012737
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of umbilical arterial catheterization on mesenteric hemodynamics (1996)
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 26 (1996), S. 435-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Impairment of mesenteric blood flow due to the use of umbilical artery catheters (UAC) may increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborn infants. We used Duplex Doppler sonography to investigate the degree of vessel obstruction due to UAC and their effect on visceral hemodynamics in 12 newborn infants. Ultrasonography was performed before and immediately after removal of the UAC, which was positioned above the ostia of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries (SMA). Vessel diameter, peak systolic blood flow velocity (PSFV), end diastolic blood flow velocity (EDFV), and Pourcelot's resistance index (RI) were measured in the celiac trunk and the SMA within 1 cm of their origins. Removal of the UAC led to a significant increase in mean PSFV (celiac trunk: 50 cm/s ± 15 vs 62 cm/s ± 0.22,P 〈 0.05; SMA: 52 cm/s ± 0.17 vs 72 cm./s ± 0.21,P 〈 0.05). RI increased from 0.7 ± 0.14 to 0.74 ± 0.13 and from 0.73 ± 0.1 to 0.76 ± 0.13 for the celiac trunk and SMA, respectively. The EDFV and vessel diameters did not change significantly after UAC removal. Our results suggest that UAC cause a decrease in mesenteric blood flow. Therefore, their use in hemodynamically unstable neonates or in those with gastrointestinal disease should be very carefully considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01377197
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term experience with subcutaneously tunneled external ventricular drainage in preterm infants (2000)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 16 (2000), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Key words External ventricular drainage ; Preterm infant ; Intraventricular-periventricular hemorrhage ; Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We previously reported on a series of 27 newborn infants treated for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus with external ventricular drainage during 1984 to 1989. In the present study we continued to evaluate this technique during the subsequent 8 years (37 patients; mean birthweight 1251±478 g; mean gestational age 29±2.9 weeks; 51 drains), and we now report on the long-term experience with this method, complications, and neurodevelopmental outcome of the survivors. The mean age at drain insertion was 21 days, and the mean duration of drainage 23 days. Eight infants died of causes unrelated to external ventricular drainage. Eleven of the survivors did not require a permanent shunt. Two patients experienced ventriculitis, resulting in an infection rate of 5.4% per patient and 3.9% per drain. The neurodevelopmental outcome was mainly dependent on the extent of the pre-existing parenchymal injury. We conclude that external ventricular drainage is a safe and effective technique for the management of preterm infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003810050022
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Follow-Up of Infants with Congenital Toxoplasmosis Detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Amniotic Fluid (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 17 (1998), S. 853-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  This study was conducted to assess the validity of performing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on amniotic fluid for detecting fetal Toxoplasma infection. The primary endpoint was the outcome of the infant at 1 year of age. A prospective, consecutive study was performed in 49 infants born to mothers with primary Toxoplasma infection during pregnancy. PCR determinations of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in amniotic fluid were carried out as part of their prenatal management. Infants were examined at birth, and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Nine of 11 infants from pregnancies with positive PCR results proved to be infected based on follow-up serological investigations conducted during the first year of life. Two fetal deaths occurred. All 38 infants with negative PCR results remained uninfected at 1 year of age, irrespective of whether their mothers had received treatment with sulfadiazine/pyrimethamine or spiramycin alone. Psychomotor development was normal in all infants. This follow-up study confirms that PCR performed on amniotic fluid is a useful method for identification or exclusion of fetal Toxoplasma infection. Treatment of infected pregnant women and – in the event of a positive PCR result – subsequent treatment of their infants is associated with a favorable outcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100960050206
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinergic, monoaminergic and glutamatergic changes following perinatal asphyxia in the rat (1999)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 55 (1999), S. 1491-1501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Perinatal asphyxia; cholinergic; monoamine; glutamate; excitatory amino acid; brain; neuronal death.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is considered to lead to a variety of brain disorders including spasticity, epilepsy, mental retardation, and minimal brain disorder syndromes and may form the basis for psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases later in life. We examined markers for neuronal transmission involved in the pathomechanisms of PA and candidates as mediators for long-term sequelae. We tested tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) representing the monoaminergic system, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and the excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1), a neuronal subtype of the glutamate transporter, using immunohistochemistry on brain sections of rats subjected to graded PA. Three months following the asphyxiant insult immunoreactive (IR)-TH was decreased in striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum; IR-VMAT was increased, and IR-VAChT was decreased in striatum. IR-EAAC1 glutamate transporter was increased in frontal cortex. The cholinergic, monoaminergic, and glutamatergic changes, still observed 3 months after the asphyxiant insult, may reflect their involvement in the pathomechanisms of PA and indicate mechanisms leading to long-term complications of PA. The variable consequences on the individual markers in several brain regions may be explained by specific susceptibility of cholinergic, monoaminergic, and glutamatergic neurons to the asphyxiant insult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050388
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