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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter CDD/ANP-99 ; 126 ; Urodilatin (URO) ; akutes Nierenversagen ; Herztransplantation (HTx) ; Lebertransplantation (LTx) ; Hämodialyse ; Hämofiltration ; Key words CDD/ANP-99 ; 126 ; Urodilatin (URO) ; Acute renal failure (ARF) ; Heart transplantation (HTx) ; Liver transplantation (LTx) ; Hemodialysis ; Hemofiltration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract On the subject of natriuretic peptides there is a great deal of controversy, and intensive research efforts have been made studying their effects on electrolyte homeostasis. In the early 1980s, a peptide that caused diuresis, natriuresis, and had a relaxant effect on vascular smooth muscle was discovered independently by several groups. This was the breakthrough for the identification of natriuretic peptides, followed by the characterisation of the amino-acid sequences of several species. Synthesis of the peptide, cloning of the encoding gene, identification and characterisation of specific receptors, as well as the development of antibodies and radioimmunoassays were rapidly accomplished. Research on the immunohistochemistry of cardiodilatin/atrial natriuretic peptide (CDD/ANP) and the regulation of CDD/ANP gene expression led to detection of the peptide in extra-atrial tissues. Later on, two new peptides were discovered brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). These peptides share structural features with CDD/ANP with regard to their 17-amino-acid-exhibiting loop bridged by a disulfide bond. Another recently discovered peptide is urodilatin (URO), a renal-borne new member of A-type natriuretic peptide. URO was isolated from human urine and consists of the same sequence as CDD/ANP, containing the 17-amino-acid residue loop of the circulating hormone with 4 additional amino acids located at the NH2-terminus of the peptide. Regarding physiological actions, data strongly support a close association between URO and urinary sodium excretion. The application of URO in animals revealed a stronger diuresis and natriuresis with a lower influence on arterial blood pressure compared to CDD/ANP-99–126. These results were encouraging for the use of URO in clinical trials as a tool to prevent acute renal failure (ARF) in patients following heart transplantation and for treatment of incipient ARF in patients following liver transplantation. Summarising the results of these two studies, URO represents a new approach for not only prevention, but also for treatment of ARF following organ transplantation. This opens up new possibilities for the treatment of ARF of other origins in intensive care medicine.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach der Isolierung der ersten kardialen Hormone mit diuretischer und natriuretischer Wirkung, die als Cardiodilatin oder atrial natriuretisches Peptid (CDD/ANP) bezeichnet werden, führten weitere Untersuchungen zur Entdeckung des Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) [126] und des natriuretischen Peptids vom C-Typ (CNP) [127]. Weiter wurde 1988 Urodilatin (URO) isoliert, ein natriuretisches Peptid aus dem menschlichen Urin. In tierexperimentellen und klinischen Untersuchungen konnte die physiologische Bedeutung für die Regulation der Salz- und Wasserausscheidung durch die enge Korrelation zwischen URO und Natriumausscheidung im Urin gezeigt werden. Nach ersten Ergebnissen in Tierversuchsreihen u.a. an kardiomyopathischen Hunden wurde die Wirkung von URO bei Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder bei hämodynamischer Instabilität erstmals untersucht. In zwei abgeschlossenen Studien bei leber- und herztransplantierten Patienten konnte in der Mehrzahl ein protrahiertes akutes Nierenversagen verhindert werden. So steht mit Urodilatin ein Medikament zur Verfügung, das neben der Prophylaxe und Therapie des akuten Nierenversagens nach Herz- oder Lebertransplantation auch für die Behandlung des akuten Nierenversagens anderer Ätiologie neue Perspektiven eröffnet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Urodilatin ; Ularitide ; Akutes Nierenversagen (ANV) ; Lebertransplantation (LTx) ; Hämodialyse ; Hämofiltration ; Key words Urodilatin ; Ularitide ; Acute renal failure (ARF) ; Liver transplantation (LTx) ; Hemodialysis ; Hemofiltration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Acute renal failure (ARF) is a serious complication following liver transplantation. Many therapeutic regimens have been used so far but with limited success. Urodilatin (URO) is a new member of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) family. When administered intravenously, URO induces strong diuresis and natriuresis with tolerable hemodynamic side effects. Preliminary non-controlled clinical studies demonstrate beneficial effects using URO as a therapeutic agent in patients suffering from ARF following heart and liver transplantation (HTx, LTx). These results prompted us to initiate this first controlled clinical trial to investigate whether URO infusion can improve renal function in patients with emerging ARF following LTx. Method. We initiated a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing five patients receiving i.v. URO infusion (20 ng/kg bw/min) with four placebo patients after informed consent was obtained. Optional inclusion criteria were oliguria/anuria (〈0.5 ml/kg/h), refractory to conventional treatment including administration of furosemide and dopamine, increase of serum creatinine to a least 200% of preoperative values, and BUN levels ≥25 mmol/l. The primary parameters for efficacy was the frequency of hemodialysis/hemofiltration. Results. The frequency of hemodialysis/hemofiltration during URO or placebo infusion was significantly reduced (P=0.03) in the URO-treated patients in comparison with placebo. BUN levels did not differ between two groups, but serum creatinine levels were consistently lower in the URO group. Diuresis tended to be stronger in the URO group, maintaining high levels despite a significant reduction in the administration of furosemide in comparison with placebo. Conclusion. We conclude that URO seems to be a new approach for the treatment of therapy-resistant postoperative ARF following LTx.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Trotz vieler unterschiedlicher neuer Therapieversuche, stellt das postoperative ANV auch heute noch ein nicht gelöstes Problem dar. 1988 wurde Urodilatin (URO), ein natriuretisches Peptid, aus dem menschlichen Urin isoliert. Nachdem 2 nicht kontrollierte, klinische Studien mit URO zur Prophylaxe und Therapie des ANV nach Herz- bzw. Lebertransplantation (HTx, LTx) mit Erfolg durchgeführt wurden, initiierten wir diese erste doppelblinde, Plazebo-kontrollierte Studie zur Therapie des ANV nach LTx. Wir verglichen 5 URO (20 ng/kg KG/min) mit 4 Plazebopatienten. Eines der folgenden Einschlußkriterien mußte innerhalb von 7 Tagen nach LTx erfüllt sein: Diuretika-resistente Oligurie/Anurie (〈0,5 ml/kg/h), Verdopplung des Serum-Kreatininwerts bezogen auf den Wert vor Beginn der LTx und ein Anstieg des Serum-Harnstoffs ≥25 mmol/l. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß URO signifikant die Hämodialyse-/Hämofiltrationshäufigkeit im Vergleich zu den mit Plazebo behandelten Patienten (p=0,03) senkt und eine Diurese induziert, die bei gleichzeitiger Reduktion der Furosemidapplikation stärker ist als in der Plazebogruppe. Wir schließen aus diesen ersten Ergebnissen einer kontrollierten Doppelblindstudie, daß URO ein potentes Medikament für die Therapie des postoperativen ANV nach LTx sein könnte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. S187 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Procalcitonin ; Liver transplantation ; Infection ; Rejection ; Diagnosis of infection ; Diagnosis of rejection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Does procalcitonin (PCT) allow differentiation between infection and rejection following liver transplantation in the case of fever of unknown origin (FUO)?¶Design: Open prospective trial.¶Setting: transplant intensive care unit at a university hospital.¶Patients: Forty patients after liver transplantation.¶Interventions: Liver biopsy for diagnosis of rejection, transcutaneous aspiration cytology for monitoring of lymphocyte activation.¶Measurements: Procalcitonin from EDTA plasma, APACHE II, Sepsis score (Elbute and Stoner).¶Results: Eleven patients suffered an infectious complication resulting in an increase in PCT levels (2.2–41.7 ng/ml). Eleven patients developed a rejection episode; none of these patients showed a rise in PCT levels. The statistical difference between PCT levels in rejection and infection was significant (p 〈 0.05) on the day of diagnosis.¶Conclusion: PCT allows differentiation between rejection and infection in the case of FUO. Elevation of PCT plasma levels develops early postoperatively due to operation trauma, and, in the case of FUO with no rise in PCT, a rejection may be suspected.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Liver transplantation ; Perioperative nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present clinical experience in perioperative nutrition for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation was evaluated by a questionnaire, answered by 16/21 European transplant units (76.1 %). There is agreement, that malnutrition reflects per se the severity of chronic liver disease and should be not considered, in general, to exclude patients from the transplant waiting list. Most centers administer postoperative nutrition without difference to other patients after gastrointestinal major surgery. A combination of parenteral and enteral nutrition is preferred. Experience with preoperative nutritional support and use of new immunomodulating substances is rather limited.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Liver preservation, UW solution ; Mitochondrial function, in liver preservation ; Preservation, liver UW solution ; Ketone body ratio, liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Changes in arterial blood ketone body ratio (KBR) were investigated in 47 human liver transplantations. Of the 20 grafts preserved with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, 10 had a cold preservation period of less than 10 h (UWS group) and 10 of more than 10 h (UWL group). In 27 other cases, grafts were preserved with EuroCollins (EC) solution for less than 10 h (EC group). In the EC group, KBR increased over 0.7 within 6 h after reperfusion of the graft in 17 cases (63%) and within 24 h in 7 cases (26%). In the 3 other cases, KBR failed to recover, and these patients underwent retransplantation. In the UW group, KBR recovered within 6 h in 13 cases (65%) and within 24 h in 7 cases (35%). There were no significant differences between the UWS and UWL groups. It is shown that the mitochondrial function of liver grafts preserved with UW solution can be well maintained even after extended preservation periods of more than 10 h.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Hepatic transplantation ; Portal blood flow reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand einer Kasuistik wird eine neue Methode zur Durchführung einer Lebertransplantation auch bei geringem Pfortaderfluß dargestellt: hierbei werden die Pfortaderbereiche der rechten und linken Leberseite separiert, portales Blut in das linke und arterialisiert-caval-venöses Blut in das rechte Pfortadersystem eingeleitet. Die Funktion der so durchbluteten Transplantatleber und der frühpostoperative klinische Verlauf bei dem 36jährigen Patienten (nach HBs-positiver Cirrhose mit schwerer Krankheitssymptomatik) waren gut. Vermutlich verringerte sich oder sistierte die portale Perfusion ab einem Zeitpunkt 3 Wochen nach Transplantation links und ab einem nach 2 Monaten rechts. Vorübergehende Transaminaseerhöhungen können als Ausdruck hierfür gewertet werden. Doch ist der weitere Verlauf gut und der Patient hat eine wesentliche gesundheitliche Rehabilitation erfahren. Die Technik der arterialisierten caval-venösen Pfortaderdurchblutung kann vermutlich auch alleine, d. h. ohne die Einleitung eines portalen Restblutstromes in die linke Leberseite angewandt werden, damit braucht das Fehlen von Voraussetzungen zur Einleitung porral-venösen Blutes in das Lebertransplantat oder ein schwach ausgebildetes portales System wohl nicht mehr als technische Kontraindikation gegenüber einer Lebertransplantation angesehen zu werden.
    Notes: Summary A new method for the performance of a hepatic transplantation in spite of a low portal blood flow situation is described casuistically. In a 36-year-old-patient suffering from liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, the portal blood system of the right and left liver parts were divided, the left part was perfused with a low flow of portal blood, the right one with arterialized caval blood. The function of the transplanted liver and the early postoperative course were excellent. During the further postoperative course portal perfusion presumably diminished or stopped on the left side from three weeks and on the right side from two months post-operatively. Nevertheless the general condition of the patient improved continuously; transient elevations of transaminases may reflect the disturbance of portal perfusion. The technique of this arterialized caval blood perfusion of the portal system is presumably applicable also for situations, in which there is no portal blood flow available for perfusion of a liver graft. Thus, the absence of possibility for reconstruction of portal blood inflow or a situation with a hypoplastic portal vein may no longer be considered as a technical contraindication for liver grafting.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 374 (1989), S. 240-244 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Hyperakute Abstoßung ; Leberransplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Out of 81 liver transplantations 2 graft failures were diagnosed to be due to hyperacute rejection. In the first patient the operative procedure was difficult requiring 19 units of blood and plasma, but the graft was functioning well from the beginning until day 1–2, when rapid deterioration occurred. The cross-match was positive. The second patient received a third graft after the first graft had failed due to donor reasons and the second ABO-incompatible graft had been rejected. The third graft transplanted in an uncomplicated operation requiring only 10 units of blood and plasma failed within hours. Both incidences are throught to be a consequence of an immunological assault, consistent with hyperacute rejection. Thus two different clinical appearances could be observed: the so-called delayed type in the first patient and the more classical type in the second patient. For establishing diagnosis of hyperacute rejection two prerequisites were considered essential: 1) histological findings of necrosis and patchy deposits of immunoglobulins, namely IgG, IgM, IgA, C-3 complement component, properdine and fibrinogen, and 2) the proof of at least a short period of an initial function of the graft prior to deterioration in order to exclude primary non-function due to other causes. The low frequency of the appearance of the classical hyperacute rejection and hypothetical causes for the more frequent appearance of the delayed type are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 2 von 81 Lebertransplantationen wurde ein Transplantatversagen beobachtet, das auf eine hyperakute Abstoßung zurückgeführt wurde. Bei der ersten Patientin, die in einer schwierigen, 19 Einheiten Blut und Plasma erfordernden Operation transplantiert wurde, zeigte sich zunächst eine gute Sofortfunktion des Transplantates, bis es am Tag 1–2 zu einem plötzlichen Funktionsverlust kam. Das Cross-match war positiv. Der zweite Patient erhielt ein drittes Transplantat, nachdem das erste eine spenderbedingte Nichtfunktion aufgewiesen hatte und das zweite, blutgruppeninkompatible Organ abgestoßen worden war. Das dritte Transplantat, das in einer unkomplizierten, nur 10 Einheiten Blut und Plasma erfordernden Operation transplantiert wurde, zeigte eine Sofortfunktion. Innerhalb weniger Stunden kam es jedoch zum Funktionsverlust. Beide Transplantatversagen werden auf immunologische, einer hyperakuten Abstoßung entsprechende Vorgänge zurückgeführt. Somit konnten zwei unterschiedliche Erscheinungsformen beobachtet werden: der sogenannte “Delayed Type” bei der ersten Patientin und die mehr klassische Form bei dem zweiten Patienten. Für die Diagnosestellung „hyperakute Abstoßung” werden zwei Befunde für erforderlich gehalten: 1. histologische Befunde von Nekrosen und herdförmige Immunglobulinablagerungen, besonders IgG, IgM, IgA, C3-Komplement-Komponente, Properdin und Fibrinogen, und 2. der Nachweis zumindest einer kurzzeitigen initialen Transplantatfunktion, um eine initiale Nichtfunktion aufgrund anderer Ursachen auszuschließen. Die seltene Diagnosestellung bei der klassischen Form einer hyperakuten Abstoßung und hypothetische Gründe für die häufigere Beobachtung des “Delayed Type” werden diskutiert.
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