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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 5 (1934), S. 387-401 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
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    Unknown
    Brunswick, Me., etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    New England Quarterly. 48:2 (1975:June) 241 
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  • 4
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Brunswick, Me., etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    New England Quarterly. 54:1 (1981:Mar.) 104 
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 126 (1978), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In walking flies,Calliphora erythrocephala, gravity specific stimulation of proprioceptors of the legs causes positional reflexes of the head. For rotations around the longitudinal axis this response is maximal if the transverse axis of the fly is tilted 90° relative to the horizontal. For rotations around the transverse axis the head of the fly approaches (withdraws from) the prothoracic sternum in the head-down (head-up) position when the longitudinal axis is tilted 90° relative to the horizontal. The strength of this reflex depends on the strength of the mechanical stimuli applied to the pedal proprioceptors. 2. In the absence of gravity dependent proprioceptive afferences of the legs these positional head reflexes are not observed. Antennal afferences enhance only the reaction induced by the pedal proprioceptors. The heads are kept constant relative to the thorax when the insects are resting. 3. The prosternal organ (PSO) is part of a control system that stabilizes the position of the head relative to the thorax against mechanical disturbances. It is sensitive to passive movements around the longitudinal axis, but it is insensitive to passive movements of the head around the transverse axis of the fly. In contrast to intact flies, the heads of PSO-ectomized flies loaded with a three-fold head weight can no longer be held by the neck muscles in the normal position. A comparison of the angular positions of the weighted heads of non-anaesthetized PSO-ectomized and anaesthetized flies shows that there are other sense organs in the neck besides the PSO capable of controlling the position of the head.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 56 (1967), S. 296-340 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Lichtrückenverhalten diente bei der vorliegenden Arbeit zur Bestimmung der Lichtempfindlichkeit. Photopischer und skotopischer Sehbereich. Tages- und Dämmerungssehbereich des Guppy gehen nicht kontinuierlich ineinander über. Der Dämmerungssehbereich erstreckt sieh über mindestens vier Zehnerpotenzen (log. Einh.). Farbempfindlichkeit von mittlerem und ventralem Retinabereich. Für den mittleren und den ventralen Retinabereich des Guppy wurden unterschiedliche Farbempfindlichkeiten gefunden: Der mittlere Retinabereich hat Empfindlichkeitsmaxima im Grün (521 bis 545 nm) und Orange (594 nm), der ventrale dagegen im Blau (478 bis 461 nm) und Gelb (583 nm). Für Violett (432 nm) und Rot (670 nm) sind beide untersuchten Retinabereiche nur wenig empfindlich. Die subjektive Empfindlichkeit der mittleren Retina für Grün und Orange ist etwa ebenso groß wie die der ventralen für Blau; die Gelbempfindlichkeit der ventralen Retina ist vergleichsweise gering. In einem Deutungsversuch wird auf die Verteilung der paarigen Zapfen und ihre mögliche Funktion hingewiesen. Im mittleren Retinabereich kommen neben Einzelzapfen (Hell-Dunkel-Rezeptoren?) vor allem paarige Zapfen mit zwei ungleichen Partnern (Orange-Grün-Rezeptoren?) vor, während in der ventralen Retina Einzelzapfen fehlen und paarige Zapfen mit zwei gleichen Partnern (Blau-Gelb-Rezeptoren?) überwiegen. Lunare Rhythmen der Farbempfindlichkeit. Es wurde festgestellt, daß sich im Verlauf des synodischen Mondmonats die Empfindlichkeiten des Guppy für bestimmte Farben ändern: Für Gelb (583 nm) ist der Fisch bei Vollmond am stärksten, bei Neumond dagegen am schwächsten empfindlich; im Violett (432 nm) und im Rot (670 nm) sind die Verhältnisse umgekehrt. In anderen Spektralbereichen treten Empfindlichkeitsänderungen weniger deutlich in Erscheinung. Auch die Empfindlichkeit für farbloses, „weißes“ Licht ist offenbar nicht konstant; sie scheint sich antagonistisch zur Gelbempfindlichkeit zu verändern. Die Differenzen der Empfindlichkeiten für gelbes und farbloses Licht ändern sich im Laufe des synodischen Mondmonats um fast eine Zehnerpotenz. Dieses Ausmaß der Empfindlichkeitsänderungen ermöglichte es, deren genauen Verlauf während des Mondphasenzyklus beim gleichen Versuchstier zu verfolgen: Minima und Maxima sind scharf ausgeprägt, und es treten Nebengipfel auf. Die Gelbempfindlichkeit ändert sich also nicht sinusförmig. Eine besondere Bedeutung scheint — neben Vollmond- und Neumondtag — die Zeit um den 23. Tag nach Vollmond zu haben. Die spezifischen Reize, welche die beschriebenen Empfindlichkeitsänderungen bedingen, sind noch unbekannt. Schwerkraftänderungen, Einwirkungen des Mondlichtes sowie Luftdruckänderungen wurden jedoch bereits als Ursachen ausgeschlossen; die Empfindlichkeitsrhythmen sind auch sicher nichtrein endogen bedingt.
    Notes: Summary In the present experiments the dorsal light reaction served as an indicator of sensitivity to light. Photopic and scotopic range of vision of the guppy do not merge gradually. The scotopic range covers at least four log units (Fig. 9). Local responses of the retina. The middle and ventral parts of the retina differ in their sensitivity to colours: The middle region shows a maximum sensitivity to green (521–545 nm) and orange light (594 nm), the ventral region to blue (461 to 478 nm) and yellow (583 nm). Both regions respond only slightly to violet (432 nm) and red light (670 nm) (Fig. 10). The sensitivity of the middle part of the retina to green and orange light is just as pronounced as that of the ventral part to blue. The latter is only slightly sensitive to yellow (Fig. 14). In the retina of the guppy one finds two kinds of single cones (luminosity receptors?) and two kinds of double cones. The latter differ in size and staining type from each other. One of them (orange-green receptor?) predominates in the middle part of the retina; the other (yellow-blue receptor ?) is found predominantly in the ventral part of the retina (Figs. 6, 7, and 15). Lunar periodicity. The sensitivity of the guppy to some colours changes with the lunar cycle. Guppies are most sensitive to yellow light (583 nm) during full moon and least sensitive during new moon. The reverse is true for violet (432 nm) and red light (670 nm). Responses to other parts of the spectrum are not markedly subjected to lunar rhythms. It appears that the retina's sensitivity to white light is not constant, but fluctuates inversely with the sensitivity to yellow light. The difference of sensitivity to yellow and white light changes approximately by one log unit between full moon and new moon (Figs. 20 and 22). The amplitude of the responses to yellow and white light allowed one to follow the lunar periodicity of one single fish. Maximum and minimum responses were pronounced, however, the response curve was not sinusoidal. The 23rd day after full moon seems to be a rather important one (Figs. 16, 18, and 21). The cause of the above-mentioned fluctuations in the responses are presently not known. It is doubtful that the response rhythms have a purely endogenous basis. Gravity, moonlight, and atmospheric pressure could be excluded as causative factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words BCECF ; Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) ; Fibroblasts ; Na+/H+ exchange ; NHE3 inhibitor ; Opossum kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) subtypes has been investigated in a study of the mouse fibroblast L cell line (LAP1) transfected with human (h) NHE1, rabbit (rb) NHE2, rat (rt) or human (h) NHE3 as well as an opossum kidney cell line (OK) and porcine renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV). S3226 {3-[2-(3-guanidino-2-methyl-3-oxo-propenyl)-5-methyl-phenyl]-N-isopropylidene-2-methyl-acrylamide dihydro-chloride} was the most potent and specific NHE3 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.02 µmol/l for the human isoform, whereas its IC50 value for hNHE1 and rbNHE2 was 3.6 and @80 µmol/l, respectively. In contrast, amiloride is a weak NHE3 inhibitor (IC50〉100 µmol/l) with a higher affinity to hNHE1 and rbNHE2. Cariporide (4-isopropyl-3-methylsulphonyl-benzoyl-guanidine methane-sulphonate), which has an IC50 for NHE3 of approximately 1 mmol/l, is a highly selective NHE1 inhibitor (0.08 µmol/l). Therefore, S3226 is a novel tool with which to investigate the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NHE3 in animal models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Maturation ; Na+/H+ exchanger ; NHE-1 ; Oocytes ; pH regulation ; Transfection ; Xenopus laevis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the functional properties of a Na+/H+ exchanger cloned from Xenopus laevis oocytes (XL-NHE) upon stable transfection into PS120 fibroblasts which lack endogenous Na+/H+ exchange. In contrast to untransfected cells, XL-NHE-transfected cells displayed Na+-dependent alkalinization upon acidification with nigericin. XL-NHE activity was inhibited by amiloride, ethylisopropylamiloride, HOE694 [(3-methylsulphonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl)-guanidine methanesulphonate] and HOE642 [4-isopropyl-3-methylsulphonylbenzoyl)-guanidine methanesulphonate], K i values being calculated at 5 µmol/l, 25 nmol/l, 300 nmol/l and 180 nmol/l, respectively. The Na+ dependence of pHi recovery was compatible with simple Michaelis–Menten kinetics, the K m for Na+ being 22.0±3.2 mmol/l and the Hill coefficient for Na+ being approximately 1. XL-NHE was activated by phorbol ester, whereas forskolin exerted no effect, suggesting the involvement of phospholipase C/protein kinase C signalling pathways rather than protein kinase A signalling pathways in XL-NHE stimulation. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, XL-NHE message could be detected in various Xenopus tissues including heart, brain, skeletal muscle, reticulocytes, A6-kidney cells and oocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Chemosensitivity ; Intracellular pH ; Na+/H+ exchanger ; Organotypic medullary culture ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hypercapnia as well as lowered intracellular pH (pHi) increase the bioelectric activity of CO2/H+-sensitive neurones (VLNcs) of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata. Here we describe that immunoreactive Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE3) is present in ventrolateral neurones from medullary organotypic cultures (obex level). To test whether VLNcs can be acidified and thereby activated by inhibition of NHE3, we used the novel high-affinity NHE3-inhibitors S1611 and S3226. Both drugs raised the firing rates of VLNcs to at least 150% of the control values, and depolarized membrane potential by up to 15 mV at concentrations (0.5–1 µmol/l) suitable for selective inhibition of NHE3. The changes in bioelectric activity strongly resembled the responses to hypercapnia (PCO2: 60–100 mmHg). In BCECF-AM-loaded cultures a subfraction of ventrolateral VLNcs was found to be intracellularly acidified by 0.05–0.1 pH units following treatment with S1611; the time course of this acidification was similar to that evoked by hypercapnia. All drug effects were sustained and readily reversible upon washing. Non-CO2/H+-responsive medullary neurones as well as hippocampal CA3 neurones were unaffected by up to 20 µmol/l S1611. It is concluded that the selective inhibition of NHE3 acidifies and activates CO2/H+-sensitive neurones within the ventrolateral medulla oblongata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965), S. 401-401 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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