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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 24 (1989), S. 61-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um den Teilchenentstehungsprozeß der Fällungsdesoxidation von Stahl-Schmelzen mit Aluminium verstehen zu können, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine Beziehung für den Aufbau des Konzentrationsüberschusses abgeleitet. Nach Slezov werden die Differential-Gleichungen für konvektive Diffusion und simultane Reaktion und das Massenwirkungsgesetz für das System Fe-Al-O unter Verwendung des eindimensionalen Strömungsfeldes nach Nakanishi und Mitarbeitern benutzt. Die Geschwindigkeit des Aufbaus des entstehenden Konzentrationsüberschusses ist ein Produkt aus dem effektiven Diffusionskoeffizienten, dem Quadrat der Konzentrationsdifferenz (Differenz zwischen äquivalenter Konzentration von Sauerstoff und Aluminium) und dem Massenwirkungsterm. Der Massenwirkungsterm beschreibt den Einfluß der Einstellung des Gleichgewichtsgehaltes (aktueller Gehalt bei ungehinderter Reaktion) von Aluminium und Sauerstoff nach dem Massenwirkungs-, dem Teilchenwachstums-und dem Diffusionsgesetz auf den Aufbau der Konzentrationsüberschußrate. Er nimmt in einem engen Bereich des Gleichgewichtsgehaltes von Sauerstoff, infolge eines geringen Löslichkeitsproduktes für das System Fe-Al-O, hohe Werte an, genauso wie die Konzentrationsüberschußaufbaurate. Bei einer Temperatur von 1600 °C hat der Massenwirkungsterm einen Höchstwert bei einem Sauerstoffgehalt von 24,1 ppm und liegt dabei über der Hälfte seines Spitzenwertes bei einem Sauerstoffgehalt zwischen 12,4 und 44,6 ppm, so daß sich bei diesen Gleichgewichtsgehalten 61% des Konzentrationsüberschusses aufbauen. Die Position des maximalen Aufbaues des Konzentrationsüberschusses verschiebt sich langsam mit ansteigender Mischzeit und Abstand von dem Ort, an welchem das Aluminium zugesetzt wird; dieser Prozeß läuft aber bei zunehmendem Verhältnis von „End-Aluminium- zu Anfangs-Sauerstoff-Gehalt“ sehr schnell ab infolge des früheren Erreichens des Sauerstoffgleichgewichtsgehaltes entsprechend dem maximalen Konzentrationsüberschußaufbau. Die Geschwindigkeit des Konzentrationsüberschußaufbaus steigt mit zunehmenden Anfangs-Sauerstoff- und End-Aluminium-Gehalten und infolge der größeren Abhängigkeit des Konzentrationsdifferenz-Gradienten von dem Anfangs-Sauerstoff-Gehalt steigt die Geschwindigkeit des Konzentrationsüberschußaufbaus stärker mit dem Anfangs-Sauerstoff-Gehalt als mit dem End-Aluminium-Gehalt. An der gleichen Stelle nimmt der Gradient der Konzentrationsdifferenz mit ansteigender Mischzeit ab. Dementsprechend sinkt auch die lokale Geschwindigkeit des Konzentrationsüberschußaufbaus.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the particle formation processes during the precipitation deoxidation of steel melts with aluminium, in the present work a relationship for the rate of the concentration excess buildup is derived according to Slezov from the differential equations for convective diffusion and simultaneous reaction and from the mass action law for the system Fe-Al-O, using the one-dimensional circulation flow field proposed by Nakanishi and coworkers because of computation expense. The rate of concentration excess buildup is a product of effective diffusion coefficient, square of gradient of concentration difference (difference between equivalent concentration of oxygen and aluminium) and mass action term. The mass action term describes the influence of the adjustment of the equilibrium contents (actual contents at unhindered reaction) of aluminium and oxygen according to the mass action, particle growth and diffusion law on the rate of the concentration excess buildup; it has high values in a narrow range of the equilibrium content of oxygen due to a low solubility product for the system Fe-Al-O, consequently, the rate of concentration excess bildup, too. At 1600°C the mass action term has a peak value at oxygen equilibrium content of 24.1 ppm and lies above half of its peak value at oxygen equilibrium contents between 12.4 and 44.6 ppm, so that at these equilibrium contents 61% of concentration excess build up. From the place of aluminium adding the position of the maximum concentration excess buildup displaces slowly with increasing mixing time and distance, but rapidly with increasing ratio “final aluminium/initial oxygen content” due to the earlier attainment of the equilibrium oxygen content corresponding to the maximum concentration excess buildup. The rate of the concentration excess buildup increases with increasing initial oxygen and final aluminium contents, and, due to the larger dependence of the gradient of the concentration difference on the initial oxygen content, more strongly with the initial oxygen content than with the final aluminium content. At the same place, with increasing mixing time the gradient of concentration difference decreases. Consequently, the local rate of concentration excess buildup decreases, too.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 60 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors and choline acetyltransferase activity were studied in postmortem brain tissue from patients with histopathologically confirmed Parkinson's disease and matched control subjects. Using washed membrane homogenates from the frontal cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and putamen, saturation analysis of specific receptor binding was performed for the total number of muscarinic receptors with [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, for muscarinic M1 receptors with [3H]pirenzepine, for muscarinic M2 receptors with [3H]oxotremorine-M, and for nicotinic receptors with (–)-[3H]nicotine. In comparison with control tissues, choline acetyltransferase activity was reduced in the frontal cortex and hippocampus and unchanged in the caudate nucleus and putamen of parkinsonian patients. In Parkinson's disease the maximal binding site density for [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate was increased in the frontal cortex and unaltered in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and putamen. Specific [3H]pirenzepine binding was increased in the frontal cortex, unaltered in the hippocampus, and decreased in the caudate nucleus and putamen. In parkinsonian patients Bmax values for specific [3H]oxotremorine-M binding were reduced in the cortex and unchanged in the hippocampus and striatum compared with controls. Maximal (–)-[3H]nicotine binding was reduced in both the cortex and hippocampus and unaltered in both the caudate nucleus and putamen. Alterations of the equilibrium dissociation constant were not observed for any ligand in any of the brain areas examined. The present results suggest that both the innominatocortical and the septohippocampal cholinergic systems degenerate in Parkinson's disease. The reduction of cortical [3H]oxotremorine-M and (–)-[3H]nicotine binding is compatible with the concept that significant numbers of the binding sites labelled by these ligands are located on presynaptic cholinergic nerve terminals, whereas the increased [3H]pirenzepine binding in the cortex may reflect postsynaptic denervation supersensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: L-Dopa ; CPP ; NMDA ; antagonist ; NBQX ; AMPA antagonist ; MPTP ; common marmosets ; locomotor activity ; Parkinsonism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in Parkinson's disease results in an overactivity of excitatory glutamatergic projections from the subthalamic nucleus to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia resulting in rigidity and akinesia. In theory pharmacological blockade of these overactive systems should improve parkinsonian symptomatology. The selective AMPA-antagonist NBQX and the competitive NMDA-antagonist CPP are not effective in animal models of Parkinson's disease when given alone but ameliorate parkinsonian symptomatology and stimulate locomotor activity when co-administered with a threshold dose of L-Dopa. These synergistic effects are seen in the MPTP-treated (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) common marmoset and the rat with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the substantia nigra. Therefore competitive NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists may offer a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Dystonia ; neurotransmitters ; basal ganglia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary While several radiological findings point towards the basal ganglia as a possible anatomical site of the lesion in dystonia patients the biochemical basis of the disorder is still unknown. 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels — the respective metabolites of serotonin and dopamine — were measured in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (lCSF) of 15 patients with idiopathic adult-onset focal dystonia and in lCSF of 11 controls. 100 μl lCSF were analyzed for 5-HIAA and HVA by reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. 5-HIAA levels were significantly reduced in dystonia patients (11.4μg/ml) compared to controls (18.4ng/ml) (p 〈 0.02). HVA levels in dystonia patients (30.3ng/ml) were below control values (41.6ng/ml) but this finding did not reach statistical significance. Decreased lCSF levels of 5-HIAA suggest an impaired serotonin metabolism in patients with idiopathic adult-onset dystonia. This observation may provide a biochemical basis for a more specific pharmacotherapy in dystonia patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 7 (1974), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Steady state temperature fields within a finite circular cylinder are calculated for the boundary conditions of constant temperature at the bottom and the wall of the cylinder whereas its top temperature is described by some temperature distributions which can be expressed by polynomial functions. These temperature distributions are evaluated for the cases, that the temperature drops from the center point value T1 linearly or parabolically to a specified value T2 at a certain distance r1. The results are given in terms of dimensionless numbers. The “disturbing” temperatures at the cylinder top influence the temperatures within the cylinders less if the distance r1 is small, over which the temperature changes from T1 to T2, if this change occurs linearly, if T2 approaches the value of the wall and bottom temperature and if the cylinders are slender, e. g. if their length are greater than their radius. The slenderness of the cylinders has an important influence. By analogy the results are valid also for concentration fields.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Temperatur werden in endlichen Zylindern stationäre Felder berechnet, die sich einstellen, wenn Zylinderboden und -wand auf konstanter Temperatur gehalten werden und an der oberen Zylinderkreisfläche bestimmte Temperaturverteilungen vorliegen, die durch Polynome beschrieben werden. Diese Temperaturverteilungen werden für die Fälle ausgewertet, bei denen ihre Mittelpunkttemperatur T1 linear oder parabolisch bis zu einer bestimmten Stelle r1 auf eine festgelegte Temperatur T2 abfällt, und die Ergebnisse dimensionslos dargestellt. Die „Störtemperaturen“ an der oberen Zylinderkreisfläche beeinflussen die Temperaturen im Zylinderinnern weniger, wenn die Veränderung von der Mittentemperatur T1 auf die Temperatur T2 sich auf kleine Bereiche (r1 klein) beschränkt, wenn diese Veränderung linear und nicht parabolisch erfolgt, wenn T2 sich der Temperatur der übrigen Zylinderflächen nähert und wenn die Zylinder schlank sind, d. h. ihre Länge größer als ihr Radius ist. Die Schlankheit der Zylinder hat einen erheblichen Einfluß. Die Ergebnisse gelten analog auch für Konzentrationsverteilungen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 239 (1992), S. 103-104 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Choline acetyltransferase ; Muscarinic receptors ; Huntington's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscarinic cholinergic receptors and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity were studied in postmortem brain tissue from patients with Huntington's disease and matched control subjects. In comparison with controls, reductions in ChAT activity were found in the hippocampus, but not in the temporal cortex in Huntington's disease. Patients with Huntington's disease showed reduced densities of the total number of muscarinic receptors and of M-2 receptors in the hippocampus while the density of M-1 receptors was unaltered. Muscarinic receptor binding was unchanged in the temporal cortex. These results indicate a degeneration in Huntington's disease of the septo-hippocampul cholinergic pathway, but no impairment of the innominato-cortical cholinergic system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 7 (1974), S. 162-172 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The mass transfer between two fluids is calculated, one of the two fluids is moving as a jet within the other. The velocity of the laminar flowing phase is expressed by an equation, which describes continously the velocity profiles from plug flow to tubular flow. For the isothermal, stationary state the transport of substance i by radial diffusion and by axial convection is investigated. It appears to be that the differential equations describing the problem are solved rigorously for the first time. The solutions contain confluent hypergeometrical functions. Results include eigenvalues, coefficients, local and mean concentration fields, mass transfer numbers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Übergang eines Stoffes zwischen zwei fluiden Phasen wird betrachtet, von denen sich einer als Strahl in der anderen bewegt. Die Geschwindigkeit der laminar strömenden Phase wird durch eine Gleichung ausgedrückt, die Geschwindigkeitsprofile zwischen der Kolben- und der Rohrströmung kontinuierlich beschreibt. Der Transport des Stoffes im Strahl durch Diffusion in radialer und durch Konvektion in axialer Richtung wird für den isothermen, stationären Fall untersucht. Die das Problem beschreibende Differentialgleichung wird anscheinend erstmals geschlossen gelöst. Die Lösungen beinhalten konfluente hypergeometrische Funktionen. Berechnet werden Eigenwerte, Koeffizienten, örtliche und mittlere Konzentrationsfelder sowie Stoffübergangszahlen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Memory ; Learning ; Attention ; Cognition ; Parkinson's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group of ten patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) was tested on a series of automated tests of learning, memory, planning and attention whilst either on or offl-dopa medication. Controlled with-drawal ofl-dopa interfered with aspects of performance on three of the tests that had previously been shown to be sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction; a spatial working memory task, the Tower of London planning test, and a visual discrimination paradigm that also included intra- and extra-dimensional shift tests of selective attention. More specifically, errors were increased in the spatial working memory test, and both the accuracy and latency of thinking were impaired. Thinking time was significantly slowed followingl-dopa withdrawal, even though the possible contaminating effects on motor slowing were fully controlled by a yoked control procedure. Nine out of ten patients reached a further stage of the visual discrimination, set-shifting paradigm when on, rather than off,l-dopa medication. Spatial span was also impaired off medication, but there were no effects ofl-dopa withdrawal on tests of pattern and spatial recognition memory, simultaneous and delayed matching to sample or visuospatial conditional associative learning. Comparisons with a large control group confirmed previous findings that PD is associated with deficits on the majority of these tests. The results are discussed in terms of the fronto-striatal, dopamine dependent nature of some of the cognitive deficits found in PD, but the apparent dopamine-independent nature of deficits in other aspects of cognitive functioning, notably in tests of visual recognition memory and associative learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1103-1104 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mit Amalgamen verschiedener Metalle, die eine hohe Sauerstoff-Affinität besitzen, läßt sich bei Raumtemperatur in inerten und reduzierenden Gasen der Restsauerstoff auf 10-25 Vol.-% absenken. Es werden hierfür einiache Apparaturen beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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