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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the effect of porosity and pigment shape on the stiffness of coating layers (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 24 (1989), S. 2971-2974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The elastic modulus of paper coating layers made of mineral pigments and containing 9% by weight of a synthetic binder was measured at 23°C. The mineral pigments used comprised clay, ground natural calcium carbonate and different forms of precipitated CaCO3 (aragonite, rhombic and scalenohedral). The pigments used differed in shape from isometric to plate-like and needle-like particles. From the measured values of the modulus, the corresponding values of void-free coatings were evaluated using a model proposed by Bert which also accounts for the effect of stress concentrations due to the presence of the voids. The calculated modulus values of the void-free coatings were compared with predictions from composite theory, e.g. the Halpin-Tsai equations. In general, a reasonable agreement was noted indicating that paper coatings of this type can be regarded as composite materials and can be analysed with the methods used within that field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385655
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grafting acrylonitrile onto wood pulp: Influence of process variables (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1257-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Graft polymerization of acrylonitrile onto a never-dried bleached kraft pulp by the ceric ion process was not affected by the presence of air, nor by the use of technical-grade ceric salt and unpurified monomer. The initial polymerization rate and final degree of conversion to grafted polymer increased with monomer and pulp concentration. An increase in the catalyst concentration also increased the initial rate and final conversion up to a maximum value, after which they leveled off. The amount of catalyst required for a given degree of conversion was minimized when operating at high concentration of pulp and monomer and when the catalyst was added last. Attainable graft level decreased when the pulp was dried but could be brought back to its normal level after the dried pulp was beaten. The molecular weight of the polymer increased with monomer concentration but was independent of ceric salt concentration when the latter was low. The number of grafted sites increased with ceric salt concentration.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190505
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sintering of latex particles in pigmented coatings. II. Influence of the latex particle size (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 799-808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The light-scattering coefficient S of coatings formulated from a mixture of an inorganic pigment and polystyrene latex particles may be enhanced significantly when the dry coating is heated in order to cause sintering of the polystyrene spheres. The relative increase in S depends on the size and the amount of the latex particles and the type of the inorganic pigment. Of the latexes examined (0.5, 0.2, 0.1, and 0.03 μm in diameter) the 0.2μm latex is the most effective in blends with platelike delaminated clay. The coatings based on spherelike precipitated calcium carbonate are less responsive to the heat treatment. The gloss of the clay-latex coatings is not significantly altered by the heat treatment up to 20 pph of latex; the gloss of the calcium carbonate coatings generally decreases upon heating.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260306
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mechanism for the consolidation of the structure of clay-latex coatings (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 4207-4219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts have been made to follow the process of consolidation, during drying, of the structure of a paper coating based on clay and latex by the electron microscope observation, and the analysis of coatings quenched by freezing at various stages and freeze-dried. Three phases are considered, separated by two critical concentrations. At the first critical concentration (FCC), a 3-dimensional network is formed, and particle motion is greatly restricted. The water-air interface recedes into the surface capillaries, creating a capillary pressure that causes a shrinkage of the 3-dimensional network until a second critical concentration (SCC) is reached at which the network is fixed and air enters the rigid structure. Latex stiffness and colloidal interactions influence the critical concentrations. The latex coalescence process has been observed to take place over a relatively narrow concentration range after the FCC and is completed at the SCC.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1982.070271112
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dry sintering of latex particles in pigmented coatings. I. Influence on coating structure and properties (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 791-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When a clay-latex coating, dried below the minimum film-forming temperature (MFT) of the latex, was subsequently heated above the MFT, its opacity and brightness were considerably enhanced. The improvement in optical properties was optimum in the latex content range of 20-40 parts per 100 parts of clay. The sintering of the latex particles, brought about by the thermal treatment, increased the average size of the microvoids to a diameter that is optimum for the scattering of light, without significantly affecting the total void content. Data on light-scattering coefficient, porosity, gloss, brightness, and oil permeability are discussed and compared to those of conventional coatings, i.e., of coatings dried above the MFT of the latex. Similar improvements in optical properties were obtained when coalescence of the latex particles was induced by exposure to a solvent.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260305
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The water absorbency of hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile-grafted cellulose fibers (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 (1973), S. 3143-3156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The water absorbency of a bleached softwood kraft pulp, as measured by its water retention value (WRV), was increased up to 30 times by graft polymerizing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and subsequently hydrolyzing it to sodium polyacrylate-polyacrylamide copolymer. WRV was found to be related to the initial PAN graft level rather than to the final sodium polyacrylate content, and was independent of the grafting process used. However, the ceric ion process was found superior to both the cellulose xanthate-H2O2 and ferrous ion-H2O2 redox systems in that it occasioned only a minor loss during the hydrolysis stage and the WRV was less affected by drying. The WRV remained constant as pH was lowered from 9 to 5 but dropped to the level of unmodified pulp at pH 3.5 where the sodium salt is fully converted to poly(acrylic acid). Retention of 1% aqueous NaCl was about 60% of the WRV. The swelling properties of the grafted fibers under various conditions appear to be explained by considering the grafting to act in two ways: (a) the introduction of a potentially hydrophilic component capable of generating swelling pressures and (b) the reduction in the cohesion of the fiber by the interposition of graft polymer chains in the fiber structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1973.070171017
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conductivity and water sorption in paper (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1257-1266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Under equilibrium conditions the dependence of the electrical conductivity of cotton cellulose (Whatman 42 ashless filter paper) on moisture content was of an exponential type up to 3.5%. The transient conductivity of paper undergoing water sorption has been measured concurrently with the transient moisture content. The transient conductivity was greater than that at steady state, the difference increasing with decreasing initial moisture content. The results are explained in terms of thermal effects due to the heat evolved during water sorption.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300329
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The water absorbency of poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-grafted cellulose fibers (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1771-1774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190627
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of gelatinization of cornstarch adhesive (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 31 (1986), S. 2779-2789 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the manufacture of corrugated board, thermal gelatinization of raw starch granules in the adhesive is essential for bonding setting. Kinetic studies of gelatinization of cornstarch adhesive under conditions simulating those at the corrugator revealed that the rate of advance of the gelatinization front in the starch film was linear with square root of time. A quasiactivation energy of 35.5 kJ/mol was found. The gelatinization process, above the gel point, was controlled by the rate of diffusion of water into the starch granules.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070310831
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cationic latex in fiber-clay paper composites (1982)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 20 (1982), S. 615-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.130201202
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