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  • 1
    ISSN: 1047-8477
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 2473-2475 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fabrication and characterization of nitrogenated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C:N) semiconductor/crystalline p-type silicon (p-Si) heterojunction structures are reported. The electron-hole pairs generated from both ta-C:N and Si depletion regions were observed from photoresponse measurements. The peaks are centered at about 540 and 1020 nm, which correspond to the optical absorption edge of ta-C:N and p-Si, respectively. The reverse current increased by three orders of magnitude when the structures were exposed to AM1 light. A photovoltaic effect was observed from ta-C:N and the values of short circuit current, open circuit voltage, and field factor obtained are 5.05 mA cm−2, 270 mV, and 0.2631, respectively. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cytopathology 14 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2303
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In solid tumours the predominant genetic mechanism for oncogene activation is through amplification of genes. The HER-2 (also known as ErbB2/c-erbB2/HER-2/neu) oncogene is the most frequently amplified oncogene in breast cancer and is also commonly amplified in other forms of cancer. The HER-2 amplicon also contains other biologically relevant genes with altered copy numbers, among these genes is the topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A). TOP2A gene is located adjacent to the HER-2 oncogene at the chromosome location 17q12-q21 and is either amplified or deleted, with equal frequency, in almost 90% of HER-2 amplified primary breast tumours. Recent data suggest that amplification and deletion of TOP2A may account for both sensitivity and resistance to topoII-inhibitor-chemotherapy, depending on the specific genetic defect at the TOP2A locus.In this issue of the Cytopathology, Bofin et al. present preliminary evidence for high prevalance of TOP2A amplification and deletion not only in the HER-2 amplified breast tumours, but also in the primary breast tumours without the HER-2 amplification. This finding together with the concept that TOP2A gene amplification and deletion seem to account for both relative chemosensitivity and resistance to topoII-inhibitor therapy further highlights the importance of screening for TOP2A gene copy number aberrations when topoII-inhibitors are considered either alone or in combination of other chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) may represent a useful noninvasive marker of airway inflammation, but data on the reference population values in schoolchildren are limited. No reference eNO study in Asian children has been published.Methods Levels of eNO in a sample of 531 schoolchildren aged 11–18 years recruited from five schools (three international schools) in Hong Kong were measured online by a chemiluminescence analyser according to ERS/ATS standard. Each student also completed an International Study of Asthma and Allergic disease in Childhood questionnaire.Results Among the children without a physician's diagnosis of asthma or symptoms of wheeze, rhinitis and eczema, there were 258 Chinese and 33 Caucasians. In control Chinese children, the eNO level (median: interquantile range) was significantly higher (P〈0.001) in males (17.0 parts per billion (p.p.b.); 10.7–36.6) than in females (10.8 p.p.b.; 7.8–17.6). When compared with Caucasian control males (11.6 p.p.b.; 8.2–19.3) and females (9.1 p.p.b.; 7.5–11.9), the Chinese children had significantly higher eNO levels for both males (P=0.011) and females (P=0.037). For Chinese asthmatic males, the median eNO (interquartile range) was 39.8 p.p.b. (12.5–73.8), and for asthmatic females, 18.0 (9.6–56.3). After controlling for sex in Chinese controls, eNO did not have any significant correlation with height, weight and body mass index or body surface area.Conclusions This study demonstrates a gender difference of eNO level in healthy Chinese schoolchildren. When compared with Caucasians, Chinese children have significantly higher eNO levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Nitric oxide (NO) is a key factor for balancing T-helper type 1/T-helper type 2 immunity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes have been associated with atopy and exhaled NO concentrations in Caucasians. We investigated the association between asthma traits and genetic polymorphisms in neuronal NO synthase (NOS1) and endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) in Chinese children.Methods Asthmatic children between 5 and 18 years of age and non-allergic controls were recruited. Plasma total IgE was measured by microparticle immunoassay, whereas allergen-specific IgEs were measured by fluorescent enzyme immunoassay. Fractional exhaled NO concentration (FeNO) was measured by a chemiluminescence analyser. NOS1 C5266T and NOS3 G894T were genotyped by restriction fragment length polymorphism, and (AAT)n polymorphism in intron 20 of NOS1 was determined by GeneScan analysis.Results The mean (SD) ages of 295 asthmatics and 174 controls were 11.1 (3.8) years and 11.6 (4.0) years, respectively (P=0.162). NOS1 C5266T and NOS3 G894T were not associated with asthma, atopy or FeNO. However, significantly more subjects with T/T in NOS1 C5266T had increased plasma total IgE as compared with those with C/T or C/C (P=0.017). This SNP was also associated with sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (P=0.049). Among asthmatic patients, log-transformed plasma total IgE levels were significantly higher among those homozygous for 5266T of NOS1 [mean (SD): 2.84 (0.44) for T/T, 2.68 (0.42) for C/T, 2.59 (0.69) for C/C; P=0.021]. This study found a significant inter-ethnic difference in the allele frequencies of AAT repeats, and this polymorphism was associated with high plasma total IgE levels (P=0.044) but not FeNO (P=0.158). NOS3 G894T was not associated with any asthma or atopy phenotype.Conclusions NOS1 C5266T and AAT repeats affect plasma IgE concentrations in Chinese children. On the other hand, neither NOS1 nor NOS3 SNP was associated with FeNO or the risk of having asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 124 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: This paper studies the effect on the overall properties of a cracked solid of the existence of connections between otherwise isolated cracks and of small-scale porosity within the ‘solid’ material. The intention is to provide effective medium models for the calculation of elastic wave propagation with wavelengths greater than the dimensions of the cracks. The method follows that of earlier papers in which the overall elastic properties are directly related to parameters governing the microstructure, such as crack number density and the mean radius and spacing distance of the cracks. Expressions derived by the method of smoothing are evaluated to second order in the number density of cracks, thereby incorporating crack–crack interactions through both the strain field in the solid and the flow field of fluids in the pores.Flow of interstitial liquids tends to weaken the material; the limit of zero flow is equivalent to isolating the cracks and the limit of free flow is equivalent to dry (gas-filled) cracks. It also introduces additional attenuation. The inclusion of small-scale porosity gives a model of ‘equant porosity’ which is more closely constrained by the details of crack dynamics than earlier models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 49 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: There is general agreement between different theories giving expressions for the overall properties of materials with dry, aligned cracks if the number density of cracks is small. There is also very fair agreement for fluid-filled isolated cracks. However, there are considerable differences between two separate theories for fluid-filled cracks with equant porosity. Comparison with recently published experimental data on synthetic sandstones gives a good fit with theory for dry samples. However, although the crack number density in the laboratory sample is such that first-order theory is unlikely to apply, expressions correct to second order (in the number density) provide a worse fit. It also appears that the ratio of wavelength to crack size is not sufficiently great for any detailed comparison with effective-medium theories, which are valid only when this ratio is large. The data show dispersion effects for dry cracks and scattering, neither of which will occur at sufficiently long wavelengths. Data from the water-saturated samples indicate that the effect of equant porosity is significant, although the two theories differ strongly as to just how significant. Once again, and in spite of the reservations mentioned above, a reasonable fit between theory and observation can be shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 6078-6083 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The structure of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films deposited by a filtered cathodic vacuum arc has been studied using micro-Raman spectroscopy in terms of substrate bias, nitrogen gas partial pressure (ta-C:N films) or aluminum content in a mixed aluminum/carbon target (ta-C:Al films) during deposition. The first-order Raman spectra generally show a broad feature overlaid by a disordered (D) peak and a graphitic (G) peak. The contribution of sp3 bonding to the Raman spectrum is not explicit, since the Raman phonon line is more sensitive to the sp2 carbon bonding due to its larger Raman scattering cross section. However by comparing the ratios of the intensities, the full widths at half maximum (FWHM), and the peak areas between the D and G peaks, the sp3 contribution may indirectly be reflected by the complex Raman features. The G peak position for the ta-C and ta-C:N films appears to not change significantly with the change of substrate bias voltage or N2 partial pressure, whereas the shift of the D peak is more appreciable. On the contrary, the G peak position for the ta-C:Al films shows a continuous decrease with increasing Al content. For the undoped ta-C films, the minimum intensity, area, and FWHM ratios between the D peak and the G peak are obtained at a bias around −100 V, which corresponds to the maximum sp3 content in the ta-C films. These ratios for the ta-C:N and ta-C:Al films, however, generally increase with increased N or Al content, which indicates the increase of sp2 bonded clusters. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 6816-6821 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electron field emission of tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc is reported. The ta-C films were found to have a threshold field ranging from 18 to 28 V μm−1, depending on the sp3 content. The nitrogenated ta-C (ta-C:N) films show a lower threshold field of 12 V μm−1 as compared to the ta-C films. The threshold field appears to be dependent on the film thickness. There is a minimum threshold field with the film thickness of around 30 nm for the ta-C:N film. Although the ta-C and ta-C:N films have relatively low threshold fields, the density of emission sites is not high for these films. The density of emission sites can be increased when the film surface is treated with H+, O+, or Ar+ ions after deposition. Moreover, the posttreated films show even lower threshold fields compared to the untreated films. The improvement in the emission after the ion beam treatment appears to be independent of the ions used. The surface before and after ion bombardment was analyzed using atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. This analysis shows the evident surface modification and more segregated cluster regions induced by the ion beam treatment. The posttreated films are analyzed using ultraviolet photospectroscopy. The photoelectrons start to emit at energies as low as about 0.6 eV. A mechanism for the electron field emission is proposed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 4859-4865 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The behavior of different materials under macrotribological and nanotribological conditions has been compared. The materials, hydrogenated amorphous diamondlike carbon, highly ordered pyrolitic graphite, and mica, were submitted to a fretting test (macrotribological behavior) and a combined atomic force microscopy/lateral force microscopy (AFM/LFM) (nanotribological behavior). The coefficient of friction in the macroscopic regime under fixed experimental conditions considerably changed with the test duration, whereas the friction coefficient measured from the nanoscopic regime was relatively constant during the test. In the macroscopic regime, evident wear, elastoplastic deformation, and material transfer were noticed, while in the nanoscopic regime under the used testing conditions no wear phenomena were observed. The coefficient of friction showed some dependence on the amplitude and frequency of lateral movement of the sample relative to the counterbody in both the fretting and AFM/LFM tests as well as on the normal load in the fretting test. This work leads to the conclusion that although some similitudes could be found, the macrotribological behavior of materials cannot simply be related to their nanotribological behavior due to the different wear and friction processes. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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