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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hemoglobin oxygen affinity in patients suffering from arterial occlusive disease of the legs (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 397-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Bohr coefficients ; Smoking effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Parameters characterizing the hemoglobin oxygen affinity were determined in blood of 12 male patients suffering from arterial occlusive disease (AOD) of the legs and compared with data obtained earlier from healthy human subjects (controls). Due to a COHb content of 4.8%±2.2% in the cigarette-smoking AOD patients, the standard oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) was left-shifted, the half-saturation pressure (P50) amounted to 24.8±1.7 mmHg (3.30±0.23 kPa), although the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration was increased to 15.3±1.7 µmol/g Hb. Correcting the effects of elevated COHb shifts the P50 to 26.3 mmHg (3.5 kPa) and increases the steepness of the ODC (Hill's “n”) from 2.79±0.27 to about 2.99, which is significantly different from controls. The Bohr coefficients after acidification of blood with lactic acid (BCLac) show high values at low oxygen saturations of hemoglobin (−0.50±0.04 in AOD patients, −0.32±0.04 in controls;P〈0.05 at 10% SO2). The cause of the alterations in hemoglobin oxygen affinity may be a reduced mean erythrocyte age, but also the influence of unknown factors generated, e.g., from anaerobic muscle metabolism in AOD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01737943
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of noninvasive determinants for capillary leakage syndrome in septic shock patients (2000)
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 26 (2000), S. 1252-1258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Capillary leak syndrome Critical illness Sepsis Blood volume determination Bioelectric impedance Osmotic pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Objective: Capillary leakage syndrome (CLS) is a frequent complication in sepsis, characterized by loss of intravasal fluids leading to generalized edema and hemodynamic instability despite massive fluid therapy. In spite of its importance no standardized diagnostic criteria are available for CLS. Design: Prospective clinical study. Setting: 1800-bed university hospital Patients: Six septic shock patients with CLS were compared to six control patients. Measurements and results: CLS was clinically determined by generalized edema, positive fluid balance, and weight gain. Plasma volume was measured by indocyanine green, red blood cell volume by chromium-51 labeled erythrocytes, and colloid osmotic pressure before and 90 min after the administration of 300 ml 20% albumin. Extracellular water (ECW) was measured using the inulin distribution volume and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Red blood cells averaged 20.2±1.0 ml/kg body weight in CLS patients and 23.3±4.1 in controls. ECW was higher in CLS patients than in controls (40.0±6.9 vs. 21.7±3.7 l; p〈0.05). ECW of inulin was correlated with that measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (r=0.74, p〈0.01). The increase in colloid osmotic pressure over the 90 min was less in CLS patients than in controls (1.1±0.3 vs. 2.8±1.3 mmHg; p〈0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that measurements of an increased ECW using bioelectrical impedance analysis combined with a different response of colloid osmotic pressure to administration of albumin can discriminate noninvasively between patients with and those without CLS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000601
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasma potassium and ventilation during incremental exercise in humans: modulation by sodium bicarbonate and substrate availability (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 65 (1992), S. 340-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Ventilation ; Acid-base status ; Nutrition ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has recently been demonstrated that, compared to normal conditions, ventilation ( $$\dot V_E $$ ) was increased during exercise after glycogen depletion, in spite of a marked increase in plasma pH (pHP). It was further demonstrated that $$\dot V_E $$ in patients with McArdle's syndrome was reduced when substrate availability was improved. In the present experiments, six endurance trained men performed two successive cyclo-ergometric incremental exercise tests (tests A, B) after normal nutrition (N) and after a fatty meal in conjunction with a sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution (FSB) or without NaHCO3 (F), and the relationship between $$\dot V_E $$ , plasma potassium concentration ([K+]P), and pHP was checked. Plasma free fatty acid concentration ([FFA]P) was markedly increased in the F and FSB trials (P〈0.001). In FSB pHP was significantly increased, compared to N and F (P〈0.001). In all the B tests, pHP increased during moderate and intense exercise and in FSB, remained alkalotic even during maximal exercise intensity. In contrast, $$\dot V_E $$ and [K+]P changes were almost equal in all the trials and in tests A and B. It was found that exercise-induced changes of $$\dot V_E $$ and [K+]P in the present experiments were not markedly affected by [FFA]P or pHP values and that these changes also occurred independently of changes in pHP or plasma bicarbonate concentration. The often used glycogen depletion strategy may have slightly increased $$\dot V_E $$ but apparently did not overcompensate for a possible decrease in $$\dot V_E $$ due to increased pHP. The close relationship between $$\dot V_E $$ and [K+]P was not affected by acid-base or substrate changes; this would further confirm the hypothesis that K+ may act as a stimulus for exercise $$\dot V_E $$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00868138
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon dioxide storage and nonbicarbonate buffering in the human body before and after an Himalayan expedition (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 79 (1999), S. 457-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Osmolality ; Erythrocyte age ; Altitude ; Hypercapnia ; Hypocapnia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Before and 7–12 days after an Himalayan expedition CO2 equilibration curves were determined in the blood plasma of 12 mountaineers by in vitro and in vivo CO2 titration; in vivo osmolality changes (ΔOsm · ΔPCO2 −1, ΔOsm · ΔpH−1, where PCO2 is the partial pressure of CO2) during the latter experiments yielded estimates of whole body CO2 storage. In vitro −Δ[HCO3 −] · ΔpH−1 [nonbicarbonate buffer capacity (β) of blood] was increased 7 days after descent [before 31.3 (SEM 0.4) mmol · kgH2O−1, after 38.3 (SEM 3.9) mmol · kgH2O−1; P〈0.05] resulting from an increased proportion of young erythrocytes; in additional experiments an augmented β was found in young (low density cells) compared to old cells [〈1.097 g · ml−1: 0.216 (SEM 0.028) mmol · gHb−1, 〉1.100 g · ml−1: 0.145 (SEM 0.013) mmol · gHb−1, where Hb is haemoglobin; P〈0.02]. In spite of increased Hb mass in vivo Δ[CO2total] · ΔPCO2 −1 [0.192 (SEM 0.010) mmol · kgH2O−1 · mmHg−1] and −Δ[HCO3 −] · ΔpH−1 [17.9 (SEM 1.0) mmol · kgH2O−1] as indicators of extracellular β rose only slightly after altitude (7 days +16%, P〈0.02; +7%, NS) because of haemodilution. The ΔOsm · ΔPCO2 −1 [0.230 (SEM 0.015) mosmol · kgH2O−1 · mmHg−1] remained unchanged. Prealtitude differences in ΔOsm · ΔpH−1 between hypercapnia [−41 (SEM 5) mosmol · kgH2O−1] and hypo-capnia [−20 (SEM 3) mosmol · kgH2O−1; P〈0.01] disappeared temporarily after return since the former slope was reduced. The high value during hypercapnia before ascent probably resulted from mechanisms stabilizing intracellular pH during moderate hypercapnia which were attenuated after descent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050537
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in plasma volume and red cell formation after a marathon competition (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1989), S. 453-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Plasma electrolytes ; Aldosterone ; Reticulocytes ; Erythropoiesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate middle-term influences of a marathon race on plasma volume (PV) and red cell production. We performed the following measurements in the blood of 15 male athletes: haemoglobin ([Hb]), haematocrit (Hct), plasma protein concentration ([Prot]), plasma osmolality, sodium concentration ([Na+]), potassium concentration ([K+]), aldosterone concentration ([Aldo]), haptoglobin concentration ([Hpto]), and the reticulocyte count, as well as the calculation of relative changes in PV, 3 days before and on 3-consecutive days after a marathon race. By the 2nd day of recovery PV had increased by 16%. Plasma osmolality and [K+] remained constant, whereas [Na+] had decreased slightly 2 days after the competition and [Aldo] tended to be elevated 1 day after the competition. [Hpto] was low before and 1 day after the competition and increased on the following days. Reticulocyte count was unaffected 1 day after the race, but increased by 106% on the 2nd day and was still elevated after 3 days. The causes for higher post-marathon plasma volumes and reticulocyte counts could be in the complex variations in hormonal regulation, which have not yet been sufficiently investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02330696
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between lactic acid and work load: a measure for endurance capacity or an indicator of carbohydrate deficiency? (1989)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 58 (1989), S. 728-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Diet ; Endurance capacity ; Glycogen ; Lactate ; Threshold
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of low and high carbohydrate diets on the relationship between blood lactate concentration ([Lac]) and work load (WL) in incremental exercise tests (cycle ergometer) and endurance tests was evaluated in trained subjects. The relationship between relative work load (WLrel) and [Lac] in arterialized blood was compared in untrained subjects (UT) and trained male athletes (TR) after 2 days without training while consuming a high carbohydrate diet (HCD). In both groups [Lac] of 2 mmol·l−1 was reached at about 60% [(mean±SD) UT 57.7%±6%, TR 62.7%±3.8%] and 4 mmol·l−1 at about 75% (UT 75.2%±3.6%, TR 77.8±2.2) of the maximal work load (WLmax). In eight cyclists the relationship between [Lac] and WL was not influenced by a 13-day training camp; however, heart rate was lower after the training camp. During their normal training programme, trained subjects had high relative work loads at their [Lac] thresholds, but after an HCD combined with an interruption of the training of 3 days, the relationship between [Lac] and WLrel was the same as in UT. In six TR a low carbohydrate diet (LCD) combined with training led to high absolute (WLabs) and WLrel at [Lac] of 2 and 4 mmol·l−1; an HCD combined with 3 days without training led to low WLabs and WLrel at the same [Lac] and to higher WLmax. In spite of the apparently lower endurance capacities TR were able to work significantly longer after HCD than after LCD (23±10.5 min and 49±16.2 min, respectively) at 65% of their WLmax. The variability of the relationship between [Lac] and WL following the dietary regimes leads to the conclusion that the “typical” [Lac] versus WL curve of endurance TR may result from a permanent glycogen deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00637384
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exercise versus immersion: antagonistic effects on water and electrolyte metabolism during swimming (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 248-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Antidiuretic hormone ; Blood volume ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in blood composition, renal function, aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentrations were investigated in 10 untrained male subjects when swimming (60 min at a heart rate of about 155 beats·min−1, water temperature 28° C) and during the subsequent 3 h in a sitting position. Many specific effects of either exercise or immersion were abolished or attenuated; no significant changes in plasma aldosterone, [ADH], [K+], [Cl−], or of urinary volume, glomerular filtration rate, free water or osmolar clearance were observed. The urine was diluted resulting in lowered [Na+]. In blood some quantities which are only slightly influenced by immersion increased during swimming ([Na+], [Lac−], [H+], osmolality, [creatinine]). Exercise induced plasma volume loss, calculated from increasing [Hb], was small (110 ml), probably because interstitial fluid enters the vascular space during the initial phase of immersion. One might anticipate that the training effects on fluid and electrolyte metabolism and circulation are different when swimming and when performing endurance sports on land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00640671
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Training induced effects on blood volume, erythrocyte turnover and haemoglobin oxygen binding properties (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 57 (1988), S. 490-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Reticulocytes ; Red cell age ; Erythropoietin ; Bohr effect ; Plasma volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of three weeks ergometer training (Tr) 5 times a week for 45 min at 70% $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ by 6 subjects on erythrocyte turnover and haemoglobin O2 affinity has been studied. Increased reticulocytosis could be observed from the second day after beginning Tr until a few days after its end, probably caused by increased erythropoietin release by the kidney. Erythrocyte destruction was most pronounced in the first and markedly reduced in the third week of Tr. Elevated glutamate oxalacetate transaminase activity and creatine as well as lowered mean corpuscular haemoglobin indicate a younger erythrocyte population in the first week of recovery. Total blood volume increased during the course of Tr by 700 ml, mainly caused by a raised plasma volume (74%). Red cell volume increased later with maximal values one week after Tr (+280 ml). In this week the standard oxygen dissociation curve was most shifted to the right (P50 increased from 3.77±0.05 kPa to 3.99±0.07 kPa) and the Bohr coefficients had their lowest values. Both effects are completely explainable by the haemoglobin O2 binding properties of young erythrocytes. After training, all parameters of physical performance ( $$\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2 max}}} } $$ , maximal workload, heart rate during rest and exercise) were markedly improved, indicating fast adaptation mechanisms. The increased erythrocyte turnover, including higher erythropoiesis, seems to be one important part of these effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00417998
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lung diffusion capacity, oxygen uptake, cardiac output and oxygen transport during exercise before and after an Himalayan expedition (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 74 (1996), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; Exercise ; Rebreathing Alveolar-arterial difference ; Altitude acclimatization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Studies were made of pulmonary diffusion capacity and oxygen transport before and after an expedition to altitudes at and above 4900 m. Maximum power (P max) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max) were measured in 11 mountaineers in an incremental cycle ergometer test (25W · min−1) before and after return from basecamp (30 days at 4900 m or higher). In a second test, cardiac output (Q c) and lung diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (D L,CO) were measured by acetylene and CO rebreathing at rest and during exercise at low, medium and submaximal intensities. After acclimatization, VO2max and P max decreased by 5.1% [from 61.0 (SD 6.2) to 57.9 (SD 10.2) ml·kg−1, n.s.] and 9.9% [from 5.13 (SD 0.66) to 4.62 (SD 0.42) W·kg−1, n.s.], respectively. The maximal cardiac index and DL,co decreased significantly by 15.6% [14.1 (SD 1.41) 1·min−1 · m−2 to 11.9 (SD 1.44)1·min−1 m−2, P〈0.05] and 14.3% [85.9 (SD 4.36)ml·mmHg−1 min−t to 73.6 (SD 15.2) ml · mmHg−1 -min−1, P〈0.05], respectively. The expedition to high altitude led to a decrease in maximal Q c, oxygen uptake and DL,CO. A decrease in muscle mass and capillarity may have been responsible for the decrease in maximal Qc which may have resulted in a decrease of D L,CO and an increase in alveolar-arterial oxygen difference. The decrease in D L,CO especially at lower exercise intensities after the expedition may have been due to a ventilation-perfusion mismatch and changes in blood capacitance. At higher exercise intensities diffusion limitation due to reduced pulmonary capillary contact time may also have occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376512
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