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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Penetration of lidocaine and its active desethylated metabolite into cerebrospinal fluid in man (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 639-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Lidocaine ; CSF penetration ; monoethylglycinxylidide ; glycinxylidide ; pharmacokinetics ; serum protein binding ; membrane permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Penetration into lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of lidocaine and its active desethylated metabolite, monoethylglycinxylidide (MEGX), has been studied in 10 neurological patients after a single subcutaneous injection of 2 mg/kg prior to lumbar puncture. An HPLC method was used to assay lidocaine, MEGX and glycinxylidide (GX) in serum and CSF. The serum protein unbound fraction of lidocaine was determined by equilibrium dialysis. The mean peak serum lidocaine concentration was found 25 minutes after injection, and the corresponding peak CSF level occurred after 70 min. A similar slow penetration of MEGX into CSF was observed, which indicates low membrane permeability for these two agents. No GX was found. The steadily increasing CSF lidocaine/serum total lidocaine ratio throughout the period of study up to 120 min and the higher level in CSF than the corresponding unbound fraction of the total serum lidocaine indicate that serum protein binding is not the sole determinant of the penetration of lidocaine into lumbar CSF. Rapid accumulation in brain tissue and diffusion back into cerebral extracellular fluid and to lumbar CSF may also occur. The apparent slow membrane penetration of lidocaine and its desethylated metabolite may be one reason for the difficulty of controlling lidocaine infusion rates according to therapeutic effectiveness and side-effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542352
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing error patterns during reading recovery: A case study
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Neurolinguistics 5 (1990), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0911-6044
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0911-6044(90)90032-T
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decrease in mesencephalic dopamine autoreceptors in experimental herpes simplex encephalitis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 89 (1992), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Herpes simplex virus ; autoreceptors ; dopamine ; rotational behaviour ; experimental encephalitis ; D-2 receptors ; D-1 receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Brain dopamine receptors were determined in experimental herpes encephalitis using an animal model, where herpes simplex virus type 1 was inoculated onto the cornea of rabbits. The animals exhibit an asymmetric posture and circling to the side of inoculation, which appears to be connected to the altered dopamine transmission in the mesostriatal system. In this study striatal and mesencephalic D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptors were measured by radioligand techniques using3H-SCH 23390 and3H-spiroperidol as ligands. In the striatal D-1 and D-2 receptors there were no significant differences between HSV-inoculated and control rabbits. In the substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area there was a significant decrease in the D-2 receptors (Bmax) on the side contralateral to the primary virus inoculation and the direction of the rotational behaviour, without any changes in the D-1 receptors. Thus experimental herpes simplex virus infection seems to affect the mesencephalic dopamine autoreceptors, leading to unilateral activation of the mesostriatal dopamine system and rotational behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245353
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen toxicity protecting enzymes in the human brain (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 74 (1988), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Superoxide dismutase ; catalase ; glutathione peroxidase ; glutathione reductase ; human brain ; aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Regional distribution of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were studied in 22 anatomic sites of 5 human brains. No significant regional differences were observed in cytosolic activities of any enzyme studied, nor in particulate activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase, whereas particulate glutathione peroxidase activities were distributed unevenly, the highest activities observed in the basal nucleus and amygdala. There were significant interindividual differences in the activities of each enzyme. This was shown to result partly from the decrease of cytosolic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities with age, concurrently with age-related decrease of particulate glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245142
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease—An overview (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 51 (1981), S. 135-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Among the white races, the prevalence rates of Parkinson's disease range from 66 to 187 per 100,000 population, through without any obvious geographical pattern. A similar variation is found in the annual incidence rates with estimates from 5 to 24 per 100,000 population. The black races may be partially protected against the disease. Both sexes are probably equally affected by the disease. Parkinson's disease usually begins after the age of 50 years, and the risk of the disease steeply rises with advancing age. Parkinson's disease is often omitted in death certificates; mortality rates with Parkinson's disease as an underlying cause of death vary from 0.5 to 3.8 per 100,000. Levodopa treatment, by reducing the excess mortality accompanying the natural course of Parkinson's disease, may increase the number of patients living with this disease in the near future. Postencephalitic Parkinson's disease, developing as a sequel to lethargic encephalitis and accounting for some two thirds of parkinsonian cases shortly after the epidemic, has probably been a transient phase in the epidemiology of Parkinson's disease and is now disappearing. Data from epidemiological investigations have advanced our understanding of the cause of Parkinson's disease only to a small extent. No other characteristic than race has been found to influence the susceptibility to the disease. The environmental risks for Parkinson's disease have not been unequivocally demonstrated. Highly conflicting information is available as to the contribution of heredity to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Seroepidemiological investigations have shown an increased antibody response against herpes simplex virus in parkinsonian patients, but attempts to detect herpes virus specific products or DNA sequences in the brain material have been unsuccessful. Further epidemiological research on Parkinson's discase, with strict diagnostic criteria, is needed to clarify the racial occurrence, to establish the true role of heredity, and to uncover possible enviornmental risks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01664011
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of expected deaths in mortality studies of parkinson's disease (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 40 (1977), S. 177-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method for calculation of expected mortality is presented. The calculation of the probability of death is based on the use of 1 year age intervals being more reliable than the calculations based on wider age intervals. The method also allows the expected mortality for individual persons to be computed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01250568
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain monoamine metabolism and rotational behaviour induced by experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 86 (1991), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Herpes simplex virus ; experimental encephalitis ; rotational behaviour ; monoamines ; dopamine ; serotonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The motor behaviour and brain concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin and their metabolites have been examined in rabbits with experimental herpes simplex virus (HSV) brain infection achieved by unilateral corneal inoculation. The animals showed altered motor behaviour, consisting of a posture tilting to the side of inoculation and circling in the same direction, that began on day 4–5 post inoculation, and was most vigorous on day 7 post inoculation. Compared with controls, the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was increased in the caudate nucleus on both sides and that of serotonin was decreased in the nucleus accumbens on the side of inoculation. The circling of the animals correlated positively with the ratio of homovanillic acid concentrations between the left and right caudate nucleus, although the actual concentrations did not differ from the controls. The posture asymmetry correlated with the ratio of the left and right nucleus accumbens homovanillic acid concentrations. The results demonstrate that experimental HSV infection in the brain alters motor behaviour, in association with changes in brain dopamine and serotonin metabolism in the major ascending monoamine systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01250704
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levodopa alone and in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide (madopar®) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 211 (1975), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Parkinson's Disease ; Levodopa ; Benserazide ; Side effects ; Controlled clinical trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Levodopa in Kombination mit dem extracerebral wirkenden Dekarboxylasehemmer Benserazid (Dosisverhältnis 4:1) (Madopar®) wurde mit Levodopa allein in einer kontrollierten, doppelblinden, klinischen Multizenterprüfung an 94 Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson verglichen. Während der viermonatigen Therapie zeigte sich in mehreren Beziehungen Levodopa + Benserazid dem Levodopa überlegen. Übelkeit und Erbrechen waren statistisch signifikant weniger schwerwiegend und traten seltener auf. Klinische Besserung, ausgedrückt durch Reduktion im Webster Rating, trat schneller ein und war im großen und ganzen höher. Andere Nebenerscheinungen, insbesondere unwillkürliche Bewegungen und Reduktion des Blutdruckes im Liegen, verteilen sich gleich über die beiden Gruppen. Bestimmungen von sowohl Leberfunktion und Nierenfunktion als auch hämatologischen Parametern ergaben keine signifikanten Änderungen.
    Notes: Summary A combination of levodopa and the extracerebrally acting decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide (ratio 4:1) (Madopar®), was compared with levodopa alone in a controlled double-blind clinical multicenter trial on 94 patients with Parkinson's disease. During 4 months of therapy levodopa + benserazide proved superior to levodopa on several accounts. Nausea and vomiting occurred with statistically significant less severity and frequency. Clinical improvement expressed through improvement in Webster rating occurred sooner and was all together greater. The treatment schedules did not differ with regard to other side effects, in particular involuntary movements and reduction in supine blood pressure. Neither treatment seemed to influence liver function, renal function and hematological parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312459
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mortality of patients with parkinson's disease treated with levodopa (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 216 (1977), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Mortality from Parkinson's disease ; Parkinson's disease mortality ; Parkinson's disease Levodopa treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkung der Levodopa-Behandlung auf die Mortalität von Parkinson-Patienten wurde anhand einer Serie von 349 Fällen untersucht, welche in den Jahren 1969–1975 einerseits mit L-Dopa, andererseits mit L-Dopa zusammen mit Decarboxylasehemmern behandelt wurden. Während der Beobachtungsperiode verstarben 61 Patienten. Die erwartete Mortalität hätte 32,99 betragen müssen, was eine Relation von tatsächlicher zu erwarteter Mortalität von 1,85 ergibt. Für die höhere Mortalität waren Fälle verantwortlich mit schweren Krankheitserscheinungen bei Beginn der Therapie und im besondern auch mit einem geringeren Effekt der L-Dopa-Therapie als bei den überlebenden Patienten. Verglichen mit den Beobachtungen vor Einführung der L-Dopa-Therapie beruht wohl die Verminderung der Mortalität und die erhöhte Lebenserwartung von Parkinson-Patienten unter L-Dopa auf der Abnahme der Frühtodesfälle durch die Parkinson'sche Krankheit.
    Notes: Summary The effect of levodopa on the mortality of patients with Parkinson's disease was investigated in 349 patients treated with levodopa or levodopa combined with a decarboxylase inhibitor during 1969–1975 inclusive. During the study period, 61 patients died. The expected mortality was 32.99 resulting in a ratio of actual to expected deaths of 1.85. The excess mortality was accounted for by patients with a severe disease at entry and especially, by the less favorable effect of levodopa treatment than in the living patients. In comparison with the prelevodopa era, the reduction of mortality and the increase of life expectancy of patients with Parkinson's disease during levodopa treatment possibly reflect the decrease of the early mortality due to Parkinson's disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313615
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk for Parkinson’s disease: twin studies for the detection of asymptomatic subjects using [18F]6-fluorodopa PET (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 247 (2000), S. 110-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Key Words Fluorodopa ; Heredity ; Parkinson’s disease ; PET ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) studies were carried out with [18F]6-fluorodopa ([18F]6-FD) in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins for the clarification of dopaminergic function. Four MZ and four DZ pairs of twins, each pair consisting of a parkinsonian index case and an asymptomatic co-twin, were collected from the Nationwide Twin Cohort. The control group comprised 14 healthy volunteers. [18F]6-FD PET examinations with a Siemens/CTI 931/08 scanner were performed dynamically over 90 min. The regions-of-interest analysis included the caudate, the putamen and the occipital reference regions. Patlak plots were calculated using occipital tissue input function. The accumulation of [18F]6-FD in the putamen of the asymptomatic co-twins was significantly lower than that in the normal subjects. This result implies that there may be a preclinical stage of Parkinson’s disease in the apparently normal co-twins at the time of the PET study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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