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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anthropogenic and natural acidification in terrestrial ecosystems (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 344-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Soil acidification ; acid deposition ; terrestrial ecosystems ; H+ budget ; silicate weathering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions The total proton load found in these ecosystems exceeds by far the known rates of buffering in soils by silicate weathering and release of basic cations (see above). Under the present proton load most forest soils will therefore acidify and besides losses of nutrients the occurrence of possible toxic ions in the soil unavoidable (Al-buffer range)20, 21. The proportion of the total proton load of the soil that is represented by the internal production emphasizes the importance of acid deposition as main cause of soil acidification and destabilization of forest ecosystems under Central European conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118614
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen input together with ecosystem nitrogen enrichment predict nitrate leaching from European forests (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The IFEF database (Indicators of Forest Ecosystem Functioning), consisting of nitrogen deposition, nitrate leaching fluxes, and soil and ecosystem characteristics, is analysed to evaluate the C/N ratio in the organic horizon as an indicator of nitrate leaching. One hundred and eighty one forests are examined, from countries across Europe ranging from boreal to Mediterranean regions, encompassing broadleaf and coniferous sites and plot and catchment studies. N input in throughfall ranges from less than 1 kg N ha−1 y−1 in northern Norway and Finland to greater than 60 kg N ha−1 y−1 in the Netherlands and Czech Republic. The amount of NO3– leached covers a smaller range, between 1 and 40 kg N ha−1 y−1. Nitrate leaching is strongly dependent on the amount of nitrogen deposited in throughfall (N input) and simply adding the C/N ratio in the organic horizon to a regression equation does not improve this relationship. However, when the data are stratified based on C/N ratios less than or equal to 25 and greater than 25, highly significant relationships (P 〈 0.05) are observed between N input and NO3– leached. The slope of the relationship for those sites where C/N ratio is  ≤ 25 (′nitrogen enriched′ sites) is twice that for those sites where C/N ratio is 〉 25. These empirical relationships may be used to identify which forested ecosystems are likely to show elevated rates of nitrate leaching under predicted future nitrogen deposition scenarios. Elevated NO3– leaching also shows a relationship with soil pH, with high rates of NO3– leaching only observed at sites with a pH 〈 4.5 and N inputs 〉 30 kg N ha−1 y−1. Tree age and species have no significant impact on the ecosystem response to N input at a regional scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00532.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aluminium on the mineralization of dissolved organic carbon derived from forest floors (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Aluminium (Al) is abundant in soils, but the influence of Al on the mineralization of dissolved organic carbon and thus on carbon sequestration in soil is only poorly understood. We investigated the extent and rate of mineralization of dissolved organic carbon at various Al/C ratios.Dissolved organic carbon extracted from Oi and Oa layers under coniferous and deciduous forest was incubated with initial molar Al/C ratios from 〈 0.004 to 0.44 for 130 days. Mineralization was quantified by measurement of CO2. Rapidly and slowly mineralizable pools of dissolved organic C and their decomposition rate constants and half-lives (as a measure of labile and stable C) were modelled with a double exponential equation.Increasing initial Al/C ratios up to 0.1 led to a considerable decrease in mineralization (up to 50% compared with control samples). The half-life of the stable C pool increased up to 4-fold, whereas the half-life of the labile C pool was unaffected. Ratios of Al/C 〉 0.1 did not further decrease the mineralization, but led to increasing concentrations of free Al3+ in solution, and to increasing Al/C ratios in the precipitate, indicating that the Al complexation capacity of dissolved organic C was exceeded. Decrease in mineralization as well as formation of particulate organic matter (up to 56% of initial dissolved organic C) affected mainly the stable pool. Mineralization of dissolved organic C can be predicted from UV absorption by use of exponential regressions, but adding an Al variable did not improve the prediction significantly.We conclude that Al influences substantially the biodegradability of dissolved organic C percolating into the mineral soil, which may have consequences for the carbon sequestration in the soil. Declining Al concentrations would increase the mineralization of dissolved organic C only if the Al/C ratio becomes less than the ‘threshold value’ in the range of the Al complexation capacity of the dissolved organic C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00523.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption and desorption of organotin compounds in organic and mineral soils (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 55 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Organotin compounds (OTC) are deposited from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems and can accumulate in soils. We studied the adsorption and desorption of methyltin and butyltin compounds in organic and mineral soils in batch experiments. The adsorption and desorption isotherms for all species and soils were linear over the concentration range of 10–100 ng Sn ml−1. The strength of OTC adsorption correlated well with the carbon content and cation exchange capacity of the soil and was in the order mono- 〉 di- 〉 tri-substituted OTCs and butyltin 〉 methyltin compounds. The OTC adsorption coefficients were much larger in organic soils (Kd 〉 104) than in mineral soils. The adsorption and desorption showed a pronounced hysteresis. Trimethyltin adsorption was partly reversible in all soils (desorption 2–12% of the adsorbed amounts). Dimethyltin, tributyltin and dibutyltin exhibited reversible adsorption only in mineral soils (desorption 4–33% of the adsorbed amounts). Mono-substituted OTCs adsorbed almost irreversibly in all soils (desorption 〈 1% of adsorbed amounts). Trimethyltin was more mobile and more bioavailable in soils than other OTCs. It might therefore be leached from soils and accumulate in aquatic ecosystems. The other OTCs are scarcely mobile and are strongly retained in soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00634.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon in a Central European Norway spruce ecosystem (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 50 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon (DOC) are significant in the C and N cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. Little is known about their dynamics in the field and the factors regulating their concentrations and fluxes. We followed the fluxes and concentrations of the two in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest ecosystem in Germany from 1995 to 1997 by sampling at fortnightly intervals. Bulk precipitation, throughfall, forest floor percolates from different horizons and soil solutions from different depths were analysed for major ions, dissolved organic N and DOC. The largest fluxes and concentrations were observed in percolates of the Oi layer, which contain amino N and amino sugar N as the major components. The average ratio of dissolved organic C to N in forest floor percolates corresponded to the C/N ratio of the solid phase. Concentrations and fluxes were highly dynamic with time and decreased with depth. The largest fluxes in forest floor percolates occurred when the snow melted. The concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic N were significantly correlated with DOC, but the correlation was weak, indicating different mechanisms of release and consumption. The dynamics of dissolved organic N and DOC in forest floor percolates were not explained by pH and ionic strength of the soil solution nor by the water flux, despite large variations in these. Furthermore, the release of these fractions from the forest floor was not related to the quality and amount of throughfall. Concentrations of dissolved organic N in forest floor percolates increased with soil temperature, while temperature effects on DOC were less pronounced, but their fluxes from the forest floor were not correlated with temperature. In the growing season concentrations of both dissolved organic N and C in forest floor percolates decreased with increasing intensity of throughfall. Thus, the average throughfall intensity was more important than the amount of percolate in regulating their concentrations in forest floor percolates. Our data emphasize the role of dissolved organic N and DOC in the N and C cycle of forest ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00267.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium chemistry of the soil solution in an acid forest soil as influenced by percolation rate and soil structure (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of soil science 46 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The predicted activity of Al in the soil solutions of acid forest soils often differs from that observed in the field. We have investigated the influence of soil structure and flow rate of the soil solution on the aluminum release to explain this divergence. Disturbed and undisturbed samples of soil were collected from the A and B horizons of a dystric cambisol at Waldstein (Fichtelgebirge, Germany). The samples were irrigated with solutions mixed according to field data on throughfall or soil solution composition with pH 3.5 with flow rates of 4 mm d−1, 12 mm d−1 and 36 mm d−1. The percolates were analysed for major ions. Resulting relations between pH and pAl were compared with batch experiments. In neither the A horizon nor in the B horizon did soil structure influence the relation between pH and pAl. The apparent equilibrium between pH and pAl was described as the pKapp value with pKapp= pAl—a pH (where a is an empirical constant). It was found that the pKapp values for the column percolates were in the range of variation of those found in batch experiments.Flow rate had no influence on pKapp at 4 and 12 mm d−1. At 36 mm d−1 a significant increase of pKapp was observed. This relative undersaturation of Al was more pronounced in the A horizon than in the B horizon. When flow is fast Al release into the percolating soil solution might be limited by diffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1995.tb01357.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling seasonal and long-term dynamics of anions in an acid forest soil, Solling, Germany
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Geoderma 64 (1994), S. 21-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7061
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(94)90087-6
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consequences and preconditions of retarded economic growth
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 10 (1976), S. 101-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0121
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0038-0121(76)90033-1
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminum in Soil Solutions of Forest Soils: Influence of Water Flow and Soil Aluminum Pools (1998)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 62 (1998), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: 3+ saturation of soil solutions of acid forest soils (defined as pAl3+ - 3pH) is highly variable with time and soil depth under field conditions. We hypothesized that the release of Al from soil solids into the soil solution is kinetically restricted. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating soil solution data from a field site and in an experiment with large undisturbed soil columns from two acid forest soils. Soil columns of 40-cm diameter and 90-cm height were established in six replicates at 10∘C and irrigated in a steady-state flow with an artificial acid throughfall (ph 3.5 and 2.8) at rates of 1, 4, and 12 mm d-1. Soil solutions from the columns as well as in the field were taken by suction lysimeters from various depths and the Al3+ saturation of the soil solutions was related to the extractable soil Al pools and water flow rates. Under field conditions, undersaturation was related to high water flow rates through the soil profile at both the 20- and 90-cm depths. This was attributed to preferential flow in the soil profile. In contrast with the field results, Al3+ saturation of soil solutions from the column experiments was not affected by flow rate despite a large variation in flow rate, acid input, and ionic background. In the column study, the Al3+ saturation differed between soils, soil horizons, and replicates; increased with soil depth; and was undersaturated with respect to gibbsite in the upper soil profile. The Al3+ saturation of soil solutions was spatially highly variable both in the field and in the column experiment corresponding to the heterogeneity of soil extractable Al pools. The relation of soil extractable Al to the Al3+ saturation was different for the two soils. The modeling of soil solution Al and pH under equilibrium assumptions and without kinetic constraints is rather uncertain when short-term variations and different soil horizons are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfate Pools in the Weathered Substrata of a Forested Catchment (2000)
    Springer
    Soil Science Society of America journal 64 (2000), S. 1078-1082 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Keywords: Ald, diothionite-extractable Al Alo, oxalate-extractable Al CEC, cation-exchange capacity Fed, dithionite-extractable Fe Feo, oxalate-extractable Fe IC, ion chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: 4 deposition on acidified soils and waters can be delayed by the release of previously stored soil SO4. We investigated SO4 pools and desorption in the weathered substrata (0.5–10 m depth) of a forested catchment on granite to quantify the importance of these layers to SO4 dynamics. Solid-phase materials from 10 boreholes to a maximum depth of 10 m were analyzed for water- and phosphate-extractable SO4, SO4 desorption, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), pH, and dithionite- and oxalate-extractable Fe (Fed and Feo) and Al (Ald and Alo). Seven of the investigated boreholes were used to monitor water table depth and to obtain samples for measurement of solution SO4 concentrations. The storage of phosphate-extractable SO4 in the weathered substrata was estimated at 90 kmol ha−1, of which ≈50 kmol ha−1 were water soluble. Sulfate pools and their desorption behavior were highly variable, which could partly be explained by the variation of pH and extractable Fe and Al contents of the samples. Sulfate concentrations in groundwater were dependent on the depth of groundwater table and corresponded with the depth gradients of solid-phase SO4. The SO4 pools of the substrata were apparently regulating solution concentrations. Thus, groundwater acidification in such aquifers will not be easily reversed by decreasing SO4 deposition because of the release of previously stored SO4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/
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