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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of fasting on villi along the small intestine: a stereological approach to the problem of quantifying villus ‘shape’ (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 856-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We present stereological methods for establishing the shapes of villi from simple measurements on histological sections. Villi at different intestinal locations are analyzed in control and fasted rats. Villus shape factors are sensitive indicators of the effects of fasting but estimates of villus height alone are not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951993
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microangiopathy in human diabetic neuropathy: relationship between capillary abnormalities and the severity of neuropathy (1989)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 32 (1989), S. 92-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes ; neuropathy ; microangiopathy ; heterogeneity ; morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Clinical, electrophysiological and ultrastractural morphometric observations were made in 5 diabetic non-neuropathic patients, 5 diabetic patients with mild neuropathy and 11 diabetic patients with severe neuropathy. Capillary abnormalities were assessed in simultaneous nerve, muscle and skin biopsies and compared with results from 6 age-matched, non-diabetic control subjects. Nerve capillaries demonstrated markedly greater pathology than skin and muscle capillaries. Endoneurial capillary density was significantly reduced in severely neuropathic diabetic patients (p〈0.01) when compared with control subjects. Capillary basement membrane (p〈0.002), endothelial cell (p〈0.003) and total diffusion barrier (endothelial cell, pericyte, basement membrane) (p〈0.001) thickness were significantly increased, and oxygen diffusing capacity was significantly reduced (p〈0.001) in the nerves of patients with severe diabetic neuropathy when compared to control subjects. Endothelial cell profile number and luminal perimeter were significantly increased in asymptomatic (p〈0.01), (p〈0.05) and severely neuropathic (p〈0.001), (p〈0.05) diabetic patients respectively. However, endothelial cell outer perimeter, a measure of capillary size, showed no significant increase in diabetic patients when compared with control subjects. An association was observed between neurophysiological and neuropathological measures of neuropathic severity. There was no significant correlation between the duration of diabetes and HbA1 levels with capillary pathology or with neuropathic severity. Very few abnormalities of muscle and skin correlated with neuropathic severity. However, all measures of nerve capillary pathology correlated significantly with neurophysiological and neuropathological measures of neuropathic severity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505180
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of gestational diabetes on junctional adhesion molecules in human term placental vasculature (2000)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 43 (2000), S. 1185-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Endothelium ; VE-cadherin ; β-catenin ; occludin ; ZO ; 1 ; gestational diabetes ; placenta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gestational diabetes mellitus, which occurs in the microvascular remodelling phase of placental development, causes alterations in surface expression of tight and adherens junctional molecules involved in endothelial barrier function and angiogenesis. Methods. Term placenta, delivered by elective Caesarian section, from normal pregnancy (n = 5) and those complicated by gestational diabetes (n = 5) were perfusion-fixed and analysed by indirect immunofluorescence and confocal scanning microscopy. Using systematic random sampling, the surface expression of endothelial junctional proteins and the relative incidences of immunostained vessels were compared between the two study groups. Total vessel lengths were measured by stereological techniques. Results. The adherens junctional molecules, vascular-endothelial cadherin and β-catenin, and the tight junctional molecules, occludin and zonula occludens-1 were localised to paracellular clefts in both study groups. The diabetic placentae showed pronounced reductions in the intensity of immunofluorescence and in the number of immuno-positive vessels. A corresponding statistically significant increase (from 19 % to 56 %) in the percentage of vessels showing junctional anti-phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity was found. The differences observed represented real changes in the absolute lengths of immunostained regions along the vessels. The stereological measurements failed to detect any statistically significant change in the combined length of fetal vessels in gestational diabetic placenta. Conclusion/interpretation. Our results suggest that even short duration diabetic insult, alters the surface expression of placental junctional proteins. This alteration could be mediated by the tyrosine-phosphorylation pathway. The changes suggest impaired barrier function rather than accelerated vascular growth. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 1185–1196]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051511
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen diffusive conductance in placentae from control and diabetic women (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 955-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Placenta ; stereology ; oxygen diffusion ; diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Random tissue sections of placentae from control and diabetic deliveries were analysed stereologically. The aim was to test whether or not adaptations in oxygen diffusive conductances occur to help compensate for fetal hypoxic stress in utero. Organs were from 34 control and 55 diabetic deliveries (39 from White's classes A, B, C and 16 from classes D, F/R) arranged in two major groups (ABC and DFR). Tissue samples were fixed in formalin and processed for wax histology. Stereological and physicochemical quantities were used to calculate the partial conductances of six tissue layers, viz. maternal erythrocytes and plasma, villous trophoblast, villous stroma, fetal plasma and fetal erythrocytes. From partial conductances and birthweights, total and specific conductances for each placenta were determined. No differences were detected between diabetic placentae in different classes (A, B, C, D, F/R). However, both the ABC and DFR groups of diabetic placentae had higher total diffusive conductances than control organs. The increase was in the order of 7–25% and persisted even when adjustments were made for apparent differences in birthweights. The principal contributors to these changes were the post-trophoblastic (fetally located) tissue layers. These findings suggest that the diabetic placenta adapts to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen across the placenta and, thereby, to assist the hypoxic fetus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374479
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stereological evaluation of synaptic diversity on spinal motoneurons in the rat (1982)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 694-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We compare 2 methods (‘planar’ and stereological) for quantifying different types of synapse on the surface of spinal motoneurons. Stereological results suggest that the planar approach — wholly confined to counting synapses visible on electron micrographs — can produce valid data. Stereological results are also compared with estimates obtained by other techniques (light microscopy and serial microreconstruction).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964101
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Damaging effect of dietary inulin on intestinal enterocytes in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00626.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of Substance P-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibres in the Anterior Pituitary to Plasma Oestrogen Levels in the Rat (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mammalian anterior pituitary has recently been shown to be innervated by substantial amounts of peptidergic nerve fibres. It has also been found that adrenalectomy increases the amount of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibres in the anterior pituitary of the rat, and that stimulation of the nerve fibres in vitro can enhance release of ACTH. In the present study, the density of substance P-like immunoreactive nerve fibres in the anterior pituitary of the rat were examined in relation to variations in plasma oestrogen status. The amount of substance P-like immunoreactive nerve fibres increased significantly (P〈0.001) after ovariectomy, and decreased significantly (P〈0.01) under oestrogen replacement, in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest the possibility of the direct neural involvement of oestrogen secretion in anterior pituitary regulation, which further substantiates the hypothesis of neural-humoral dual regulation of the mammalian anterior pituitary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.00636.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The small intestine in experimental diabetes: cellular adaptation in crypts and villi at different longitudinal sites (1995)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 426 (1995), S. 501-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Intestinal villi ; Crypts ; Epithelial cells ; Cell number ; Cell size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Intestinal adaptation at the cellular level was examined in groups of streptozotocin-diabetic and agematched control rats. Small intestines were removed and divided into four segments of roughly equal length. For each segment, epithelial volume, villous and microvillous surface areas and the mean volumes of epithelial cells in crypts and villi were estimated. From these data, we were able to estimate total numbers of epithelial cells in crypts and villi, assess adaptation at the level of the average cell and explore variation along the crypt-villus axis, between segments and between groups. Whilst the villus:crypt cell ratio did not change, diabetic animals contained about 80% more epithelial cells than control rats. The morphophenotype of villous epithelial cells (represented by nuclear volume, cell height, area and volume, and number and surface area of microvilli) was basically the same as that in controls. By contrast, crypt cells and their nuclei were 40–50% bigger in diabetic rats. Significant differences between segments were confined to the numbers and sizes of crypt cells and their nuclei. We conclude that experimental diabetes leads to both proliferative and hypertrophic responses within crypts. Crypt cells become fatter but not taller. Crypt hyperplasia is accompanied by an equiproportionate increase in villous epithelial cells, but these are of essentially normal morphophenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193174
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Number and ultrastructure of epithelial cells in crypts and villi along the streptozotocin-diabetic small intestine: a quantitative study on the effects of insulin and aldose reductase inhibition (1995)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 427 (1995), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Diabetes ; Insulin ; Aldose reductase inhibition ; Small intestine ; Epithelial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study has quantified the effects of insulin treatment with and without aldose reductase inhibitor (ponalrestat) on intestinal epithelial cell morphology in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Epithelial volumes, villous and microvillous surface areas and mean volumes of cells (and their nuclei) in crypts and villi were estimated in each of four segments and in the entire intestine. We derived total numbers of cells, quantified the ultrastructural features of average cells and explored variation along the intestine and between experimental groups. In crypts, insulin and ponalrestat had significant effects on cell number (reduced towards normal values) and size (volume and apex area increased beyond normal values). There were interaction effects between insulin and ponalrestat for cell volume and apex area (insulin producing more exaggerated effects when given without ponalrestat). On villi, insulin and ponalrestat returned cell numbers towards normal values but neither treatment normalised cell size or the number and area of microvilli per cell. Indeed, ponalrestat increased microvillous number and area beyond values found in untreated diabetic animals. Again, there were interaction effects between insulin and ponalrestat. Patterns of segmental variation seen in crypts of normal rats (values tending to be higher in proximal or mid-intestinal regions) were not preserved, and only some of the segmental differences seen on villi (higher values at proximal or mid-intestinal sites) were maintained during therapy. Apart from reducing the abnormally high numbers of cells in untreated diabetic rats, these results show that insulin and ponalrestat treatment fail to restitute epithelial cell morphology in the small intestines of experimental diabetic rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196525
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numbers of nuclei in different tissue compartments of fetal ventricular myocardium from 16 to 35 weeks of gestation (1998)
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 433 (1998), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Key words Ventricles ; Myocardium ; Compartments ; Nuclei ; Number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to examine mechanisms of growth in different tissue compartments of the ventricular myocardium of prenatal human hearts. To this end, stereological methods were applied in order to estimate tissue volumes and total numbers of myocyte, connective tissue and endothelial nuclei in hearts collected after death at between 16 and 35 weeks of gestation. Volumes of tissue compartments were obtained after multiplying volume densities (estimated by test-point counting) by ventricular volumes (estimated from ventricular mass and tissue density). Absolute numbers of nuclei were calculated in similar fashion from corresponding nuclear packing densities (estimated using physical disectors). The volumes of all three tissue compartments increased linearly over the period of gestation examined, and in each case, the increase in tissue volume appeared to be due entirely to proliferation. Numbers of all three types of nuclei increased linearly whilst tissue volumes per nucleus remained constant. The net rate of production of myocyte nuclei was 35×107 per week (2.1 million nuclei per hour). The net rate of production of connective tissue nuclei was 12×107 per week (0.7 million nuclei per hour) and that for endothelial cell nuclei was 5.1×107 per week (0.3 million nuclei per hour). Predictions are made about the postnatal ages at which adult ratios of different nuclear types might be attained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004280050232
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