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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of oriented porous polypropylene filled with modified calcium carbonate (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 6 (1987), S. 434-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01756788
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-loading effect of surface-modified inorganic particles in polymer materials (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1989), S. 624-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01730423
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization behavior of polypropylene filled with calcium carbonate of various shape (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 215 (1994), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Calciumcarbonate unterschiedlicher Teilchenform (sphäarisch, kubisch und nadelfäormig) wurden mit Polypropylen (PP) in einer Zwei-Walzen-Mäuhle gemischt und anschließend zu Platten gepreßt. Der Einflußder Teilchenform auf das Kristallisationsverhalten der PP/CaCO3-Composite, d.h. Kristallisationspeaktemperatur (Tmax), Kristallisationsverlauf usw., wurde mittels Differentialkalorimetrie untersucht. Der Wert von Tmax häangt von der Größe der Gesamtoberfläache der CaCO3-Teilchen ab; Tmax ist bei nadelfäormigen Teilchen gräoßer als bei kubischen oder sphäarischen und hauangt in allen Fäallen der nicht-isothermen Kristallisation von der Abkäuhlgeschwindigkeit und der vorher erreichten maximalen Temperatur ab.
    Notes: Calcium carbonate of various particle shape (spheric, cubic, needle-shaped type) and polypropylene (PP) were mixed on a two roll mill and the mixture was pressed into plates. The effect of particle shape on the crystallization behavior of PP/CaCO3 composites, such as crystallization peak temperature (TMAX), crystallized pattern, etc., was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The value of TMAX is explained by the total surface area of added CaCO3 particles; TMAX of needle-shaped series is larger than that of cubic or spheric ones. TMAX of various shaped CaCO3-filled PP totally depends on the cooling rate and maximum temperature in the non-isothermal crystallization, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1994.052150102
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of poly(propylene) filled with calcium carbonate of various shape (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 248 (1997), S. 73-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mit Alkyldihydrogenphosphaten behandeltes Calciumcarbonat unterschiedlicher Teilchenform (sphärisch, kubisch, Nadeln) wurde als Füllstoff für Polypropylen (PP) verwendet. Der Einfluß der Kettenlänge der Alkylgruppe auf mechanische Eigenschaften (Zugdehnung, Zugfestigkeit, Schlagzugfestigkeit, Streckspannung) und die Adhäsion zwischen der PP-Matrix und den verschiedenen CaCO3-Teilchen wurde untersucht, ebenso der Einfluß der Teilchenform auf den Speichermodul des mit unbehandeltem CaCO3 gefüllten und verstreckten PP.Zugdehnung, Schlagzugfestigkeit und Adhäsion des mit kubischem bzw. nadelförmigem CaCO3 gefüllten PP nehmen mit steigender Kettenlänge der Phosphat-Alkylgruppe zu, während das mit sphärischem CaCO3 gefüllte PP keine einheitliche Tendenz zeigt.Die relativen Moduli Edc/Edr (Edc - Speichermodul der verstreckten Komposite; Edr - Speichermodul der ungefüllten verstreckten PP-Matrix) der verstreckten PP/CaCO3-Komposite lassen sich mit einer modifizierten Halpin-Tsai-Gleichung beschreiben, in der die Faktoren (i) Orientierung der Polymermatrix, (ii) Einfluß des Füllstoffes (Gehalt, Modul, Kantenverhältnis) und (iii) Hohlraumvolumen an der Grenzfläche Polymer-Füllstoff enthalten sind.
    Notes: Calcium carbonate of various particle shape (CaCO3, sphere, cube, needle) treated with alkyl dihydrogen phosphate ester (APEN, CnH2n+1OPO(OH)2, n = 1, 4, 8, 10, 12) and poly(propylene) (PP) were mixed on a two roll mill. The effect of carbon number of APEN on the mechanical properties (tensile elongation, tensile strength, impact strength, yield stress) and adhesion between PP matrix and various CaCO3 particles and the effect of CaCO3 shape on the storage modulus of elongated PP/CaCO3 has been investigated.The tensile elongation, impact strength and adhesion of PP-CaCO3 interface increased with carbon number of APEN (n ≦ 10) for needle and cube type, but the dependence of tensile properties on APEN carbon number is not clearly recognized for the sphere type.The relative storage moduli of elongated PP/CaCO3, Edc/Edr Edc - modulus of elongated PP/CaCO3 (untreated); Edr - modulus of elongated PP matrix could sufficiently be described with a modified Halpin-Tsai equation, which contains the factors of (i) polymer matrix orientation, (ii) particle effect (content, modulus, aspect ratio), and (iii) void volume at polymer-filler particle interface.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052480104
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the molecular weight of poly(ethylene glycol), used for the surface treatment of calcium carbonate, on the tensile modulus of filled oriented polypropylene (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 32 (1986), S. 4229-4239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A relation between tensile modulus of oriented polypropylene filled with calcium carbonate, and modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or alkyl phenyl ether derivatives (APED) of different molecular weights was investigated. Upon stressing, voids appear in the composites material. For systems prepared with unmodified CaCO3, the void volume increases with an increase of filler content. For systems containing modified CaCO3, the void volume is smaller than the one of the reference material and decreases with an increase of PEG or APED molecular weights (which range from 400 to 4000 for PEG). Moreover, the relative modulus of oriented composites, Edc/Edr, are reasonably accounted by the void volume irrespective of filler content and modifier molecular weight, wherein Edc, Edr are respectively the modulus of oriented composites and the modulus of oriented polymer matrix.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070320334
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of polymers filled with alkyl dihydrogen phosphate treated calcium carbonate (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 189 (1991), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyethylen (PE) und Poly(ethylen-co-vinylacetat) (EVA) wurden mit Calciumcarbonat gefüllt. Um die Haftung zwischen Polymerem und Füllstoff zu verbessern, wurde das CaCO3 vorher mit verschiedenen Alkyl-dihydrogenphosphatestern (APEn, CnH2n+1OPO(OH)2) unterschiedlicher Alkylgruppengröße (n = 1, 4, 10, 12, 16) überzogen. Der Einfluß der Alkylkettenlänge auf die Zugfestigkeit, die Bruchdehnung und die Hafteigenschaften zwischen Füllstoff und Polymermatrix wurden untersucht. In der PE/CaCo3-Reihe nahmen die Bruchdehnung, der Modul orientierter Proben und die Haftung zwischen Polymerem und Füllstoff mit ansteigender Alkylkettenlänge (n = 12) zu. In der EVA/CaCO3-Reihe war ein solcher Einfluß auf die Bruchdehnung nicht eindeutig feststellbar, dagegen nahm die Grenzflächenhaftung mit abnehmender Alkylkettenlänge zu (n ≦ 12).
    Notes: Poly(ethylene) (PE) or poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and alkyl dihydrogen phosphate ester (APEn, CnH2n+1OPO(OH)2, n = 1, 4, 10, 12, 16) treated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were mixed on a two roll mill. In order to improve the affinity of polymer-CaCO3 interface, the CaCO3 surface was treated through chemical reaction with various APEn types. The effect of carbon number of APEn on the tensile elongation and the adhesion properties between CaCO3 particles and polymer matrix was investigated. In the case of PE/CaCO3 series, tensile elongation, modulus of oriented samples and adhesion of polymer-CaCO3 interface increased with carbon number of APEn (n ≦ 12). In the EVA/CaCO3 series, the dependence of the tensile elongation on the carbon number of APEn was not clearly recognized; the adhesion at the phase interface was improved with the decrease of carbon number of APEn (n ≦ 12).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1991.051890102
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of polypropylene filled with calcium carbonate (1985)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 25 (1985), S. 1069-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile behavior of polypropylene (PP) filled with calcium carbonate particles has been studied using a tensile test. In particular, the effect of strain rate, filler content, and filler size upon the elastic modulus, yield stress, and strain of surface-modified and unmodified particles-filled PP were investigated. The results indicated that the elastic modulus and yield stress of an unmodified system were increased with an increase of strain rate and filler content, and with a decrease of filler size. The yield strain was decreased with an increase of filler content, and with a decrease of filler size, but did not depend on the strain rate. Although the dependence of elastic modulus on the filler size was maintained even by the surface-modified fillers, that dependence on the strain rate and filler content was decreased by such fillers. This may be because the modifier is present at the interface of filler and polymer matrix.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760251704
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization behavior of polypropylene filled with surface-modified calcium carbonate (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 43 (1991), S. 2043-2049 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene (PP) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were mixed in a two-roll mill. The mixed compounds were molded on the plate by using a compression press heater. To improve the affinity of the relation between CaCO3 and the PP matrix, we modified the CaCO3 surface through chemical reaction with alkyl dihydrogen phosphates. The CaCO3 content and size modification affected the crystallization behavior of the filled PP composites. The crystallization temperature in the nonisothermal crystallization process increased with the increase of CaCO3 content and the decrease of CaCO3 size. The crystallization temperature revealed the function of log (1 + Ts) (Ts, total surface area of CaCO3) irrespective of CaCO3 content and size for modified and unmodified systems, respectively. The shoulder or double crystallization peak of PP composites is recognized for the unmodified system (particle sizes: 1.0 and 4.5 μm).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070431111
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