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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infusion of γ2-MSH produce a conditioned taste aversion in morphine-dependent rats (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 140-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: γ2-MSH ; Naloxone ; Opiate dependence ; Taste preference conditioning ; Taste aversion ; Withdrawal motivation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A two flavour, unbiased, taste preference conditioning procedure was used to test for possible motivating effects of γ2-MSH. Three training trials failed to produce any significant effect with doses ranging from 2.4 to 40 μg/ ICV infusion in drug-naive, non-operated or placebo-implanted rats. However, in rats made dependent by SC implantation of a morphine pellet 4 days earlier 15 μg γ2-MSH/infusion produced a taste aversion that was comparable to that produced by infusion of a low dose of the competitive opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (0.32 μg). The findings confirm with a conditioning procedure and with opiate-dependent animals the naloxone-like effects of γ2-MSH. They also suggest that this endogenously-located peptide may acquire an aversive property as a result of chronic morphine treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634469
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aversive properties of naloxone in non-dependent (naive) rats may involve blockade of central β-endorphin (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Conditioned place preference ; Aversions ; Naloxone ; Morphine ; U50-488 ; β-endorphin ; Dynorphin ; Arcuate nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study examines the influence of destruction of the medio-basal arcuate hypothalamus (MBH), the primary site of synthesis of central pools of β-endorphin (β-EP), upon the aversive properties of naloxone in a conditioned place preference paradigm. Bilateral radiofrequency lesions of the MBH resulted in a pronounced fall in levels of immunoreactive β-EP in the brain. Lesioned rats, in contrast to non-operated animals, showed a clear reduction in the conditioned place aversion produced by naloxone. However, they showed no loss of the conditioned preference produced by the mu-selective opioid receptor agonist, morphine, or the conditioned aversion produced by the kappaselective agonist, U50-488. In contrast to the effect of the lesions, suppression of circulating β-EP by dexamethasone treatment failed to influence conditioning produced by naloxone. Thus, the data indicate that the aversive properties of naloxone are attenuated by disruption of central (but not peripheral) β-EP activity. We suggest that these properties of naloxone reflect an antagonism of β-EP activity in the brain. In addition, the data indicate that differing mechanisms underlie the aversive actions of naloxone as compared to U50-488.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432214
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A taste aversion model of drug discrimination learning: training drug and condition influence rate of learning, sensitivity and drug specificity (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 100 (1990), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Taste aversion ; Drug discrimination ; Fentanyl ; Pentobarbital ; Drinking ; Opiates ; Lithium chloride ; Subjective drug effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A model of drug discrimination based on a lithium chloride (LiCl) flavour aversion was described and examined. Mildly thirsty rats were presented daily with 4 ml of a distinctly flavoured solution which was followed on 50% of the days by an IP injection of LiCl. Prior to the flavour presentation, the rats were injection SC with saline or a training drug (0.04 mg/kg fentanyl or 20 mg/kg pentobarbital) to signal whether LiCl would follow. Almost all rats eventually exhibited stable behaviour that involved drinking most or all of the fluid when it was not to be followed by LiCl and little or no drinking when it was. Such discrimination occurred regardless of whether drug predicted LiCl (learned-discomfort) or predicted no LiCl (learned-safety). However, with fentanyl there were clear differences between rats trained with drug under learned-safety and under learned-discomfort conditions for 1) the rate of acquisition of stable performance as a function of LiCl dose, 2) generalization of the training dose to a test dose that was lower, and 3) elicitation of fentanyl responses by pentobarbital. These findings, together with indications that such effects did not always occur with pentobarbital as the training drug, were discussed from theoretical and practical perspectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244397
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Motivational properties of kappa and mu opioid receptor agonists studied with place and taste preference conditioning (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 86 (1985), S. 274-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Mu opioid receptor agonists ; Kappa receptor agonists ; Naloxone ; Lithium chloride ; Stereospecificity ; Conditioned taste aversion ; Conditioned place preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The reinforcing properties of various opioid agonists acting preferentially on the kappa and mu opioid receptors were assessed using taste and place preference conditioning procedures. Kappa receptor agonists produced conditioned aversions. Taste aversions were produced by all of the drugs used, including racemic mixtures of ethylketazocine, tifluadom, and U50-488, and active isomers (+)-tifluadom, (-)-bremazocine, and Mr 2034; corresponding inactive isomers either produced no effect of were less potent. Place aversions were produced by U50-488 and (-)-bremazocine, but not (+)-bremazocine or any of the other kappa receptor agonists tested with the taste procedure. The mu agonists produced predominantly conditioned preferences. Place preferences were produced by morphine, fentanyl and sufentanil. Taste preferences were produced by low doses of these substances; at higher doses the taste preferences were absent or replaced by aversions. Finally, with naloxone and lithium chloride it was shown that the taste procedure was more sensitive to punishing effects than the place procedure. It is concluded that kappa and mu opioid receptor agonists are effective unconditioned stimuli. From the lower portions of the dose response curves it is further concluded that activation of kappa opioid receptors has aversive properties and activation of mu receptors appetitive reinforcing properties. The findings are also discussed with regard to the prevailing notions of taste conditioning with opiates, and the reinforcing properties of activity of the endogenous opioid peptide systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432213
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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