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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Religious studies 30 (1994), S. 311-330 
    ISSN: 0034-4125
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Theology and Religious Studies
    Notes: Consider the following situation. It is the first day of school, and the new third-grade students file into the classroom to be shown to their seats for the coming year. As they enter, the third-grade teacher notices one small boy who is particularly unkempt. He looks to be in desperate need of bathing, and his clothes are dirty, torn and tight-fitting. During recess, the teacher pulls aside the boy's previous teacher and asks about his wretched condition. The other teacher informs her that he always looks that way, even though the boy's family is quite wealthy. The reason he appears as he does, she continues, is that the family observes an odd practice according to which the children do not receive many important things – food, clothing, bathing, even shelter – unless they specifically request them. Since the boy, like many third-graders, has little interest in bathing and clean clothes, he just never asks for them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Key words Propofol ; Disodium edetate ; Cation ; Intensive care ; Renal impairment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To compare the effects of propofol with and without disodium edetate (EDTA) on cation metabolism in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with renal insufficiency who received propofol or propofol plus EDTA (propofol EDTA) for sedation and mechanical ventilation. Design: Double-blind, randomised, multicentre study. Setting: Medical and surgical ICUs from 5 hospitals. Patients: Thirty-nine ICU patients with acute and chronic renal impairment expected to require at least 24 hours of continuous sedation and respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation. Interventions: Propofol or propofol EDTA administered for sedation by continuous intravenous infusion. Measurements and Results: The depth of sedation, as measured by the Modified Ramsay Sedation Scale, was similar in the 2 groups, when adjusted for dosing differences. The amount of propofol required to maintain adequate sedation was decreased in both groups compared to propofol requirements in ICU patients with normal renal function. EDTA levels were elevated at baseline in both groups. In the propofol EDTA group, the EDTA levels increased further by 20 % but decreased to below baseline EDTA levels at 48 hours after sedation. In the propofol group, EDTA levels decreased during sedation and remained below baseline levels at 48 hours after sedation. Patients in both groups were hypocalcaemic and hyperphosphataemic at baseline with low levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Other than a slight difference in ionised serum calcium levels at 4 h after the start of sedation, there were no significant differences observed in serum calcium levels between the two groups. There were no significant differences in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or PTH levels over time between the two groups. There was no significant effect on renal function in either group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that adding EDTA to propofol does not adversely affect cation homeostasis or renal function when used for sedation of ICU patients with renal insufficiency. Although EDTA levels increased over time from baseline levels in patients with renal insufficiency who receive propofol EDTA, this increase does not appear to be clinically significant, and EDTA levels return to below baseline levels within 48 hours of discontinuing the propofol EDTA infusion. The efficacy of propofol with and without EDTA also appears comparable in these patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 39 (1994), S. 2530-2535 
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: gastric ulceration ; animal model ; horse ; gastroesophageal reflux disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ulceration of the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa was induced in 10 horses using a feeding protocol previously shown to expose the gastric mucosa to repeated periods of high acidity. The feeding protocol consisted of alternating feed deprivation with free access to hay. Over a period of seven days, each horse was provided hay for 84 hr and deprived of hay for 84 hr. Hay was never withheld for longer than 24 hr at a time. Gastroscopy was performed on each horse at the beginning of the protocol after 12 hr of feed deprivation, and after a total of 36 hr, 60 hr, and 84 hr of feed deprivation. All horses had normal esophageal and gastric mucosa at the beginning of the protocol. Alternating periods of feeding and feed deprivation resulted in progressive ulceration of the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa in all but one of the horses. Lesions progressed from erosions to ulceration within 36–72 hr of feed deprivation, and by 84 hr of feed deprivation ulcers had developed thickened, raised margins. Esophageal mucosa appeared normal in all horses throughout the study. The protocol of alternating feeding with feed deprivation in horses consistently produced gastric squamous epithelial ulceration and provided a useful model for characterizing temporal transitions in peptic-injured alimentary squamous epithelia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 9 (1993), S. 314-320 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Equipment: manometers ; catheters, epidural, spinal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Objectifs. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer la fidélité des sigaux de pression transmis par de longs cathéters fins introduits dans l'espace intrathécal au niveau lombaire.Méthodes. A l'aide d'un modèle de canal rachidien, nous avons évalué trois cathéters épiduraux: Arrow 20G, Abbott 20G, et Portex 21G. Nous avons déterminé le coeffieient d'amortissement et la fréquence propre des 3 cathéters et nous avons comparé, d'une part, les pressions statiques mesurés par les 3 cathéters avec la pression réelle régnant dans l'espace intrathécal, et, da'autre part, les temps de réponse des 3 cathéters reliés à des transducteurs ou reliés à un manométre de type tube enU. Résultats. Les trois cathéters ont présenté des coefficients d'amortissement élevés (Arrow: 0,75; Abbott: 0,85; Portex: 1,10) et des fréquences propres basses (Arrow: 15,23 Hz; Abbott: 12,83 Hz; Portex: 9,09 Hz). Les caractéristiques en réponse dynamique du cathéter de plus grand diamètre interne (Arrow 20G) ont entrainé une reproduction fiable de la pression pulsatile du liquide céphalo-rachidien. Les cathéters les plus petits ont permis de suivre la pression artérielle moyenne, mais les oscillations étaient amorties. Il existait une bonne corrélation entre les mesures de pression statique avec les 3 cathéters et la pression contrôle (r=0,99, p〈0,001). Avec un manomètre type tube enU, les délais nécessaires jusqu'à l'équilibre des pressions lors de l'application d'une pression contrôle de 30cm H2O ont été respectivement de 170, 140, et 130 minutes pour les cathéters Portex, Abbott, et Arrow. L'augmentation de la pression dans le manomètre type tube enU était limité par le débit de fluide à travers les cathéters.Conclusions. Nous avons trouvé qu'un cathéter de diamètre interne d'au moins 20G connecté à un transducteur pouvait transmettre les pressions avec un haut degré de fidélité. Le durée longue nécessaire pour atteindre l'équilibre rend le manomètre type tube enU inadapté pour l'usage clinique.
    Abstract: Kurzfassung Ziel. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die Bestimmung der Genauigkeit von Drucksignalen, die durch lange, enge, in den lumbalen Intrathekalraum eingeführte (Epidural-) Katheter übermittelt werden.Methoden. Unter Verwendung eines Wirbelkanalmodells prüften wir drei Epiduralkatheter: 20-G Arrow, 20-G Abbott und 21-G Portex. Wir bestimmten Dämpfungsfaktor und Eigenfrequenz der drei Katheter, korrelierten die bei der Verwendung dieser drei Katheter gemessenen statischen Drücke im Vergleich zum tatsächlichen Druck im Intrathekalraum und verglichen die Ansprechzeit der drei an Umwandler angeschlossenen Katheter mit der vonU-Rohr-Manometern.Ergebnisse. Die drei Katheter hatten hohe Dämpfungsfaktoren (Arrow, 0,75; Abbott, 0,85; Portex, 1,10) und niedrige Eigenfrequenzen (Arrow, 15,23 Hz; Abbott, 12,83 Hz; Portex, 9,09 Hz). Die dynamischen Ansprechmerkmale des Katheters mit dem größten Innendurchmesser (Arrow 20-G) reichten für eine verläßliche Wiedergabe des pulsierenden zerebrospinalen Flüssigkeitsdrucks aus. Kleinere Katheter hielten den mittleren Druck, obwohl die Oszillationen gedämpft waren. Messungen des statischen Drucks bei allen drei Kathetern zeigten eine gute Korrelation mit den Prüfdrücken (r=0,99;p〈0,001). Bei der Verwendung desU-Rohr-Manometers benötigten die Portex-, Abbott- und Arrow-Katheter 170, 140 bzw. 130 Minuten, um mit einem Prüfdruck von 30 cm Wasser ins Gleichgewicht zu kommen. Die Druckanstiegsrate imU-Rohr-Manometer wurde durch die Flüssigkeitsflowrate durch die Katheter begrenzt.Schlußfolgerung. Wir stellten fest, daß ein an ein Umwandler angeschlossener Katheter mit mindestens 20-G Drücke in der zerebrospinalen Flüssigkeitskammer mit einem hohen Maß an Genauigkeit aufnehmen kann. Die längere Zeit zum Erreichen des Gleichgewichts machte dasU-Rohr-Manometer für den klinischen Gebrauch untauglich.
    Notes: Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the fidelity of pressure signals transmitted through long, narrow (epidural) catheters inserted into the lumbar intrathecal space.Methods. Using a model of the spinal canal we tested three epidural catheters: 20-gauge Arrow, 20-gauge Abbott, 21-gauge Portex. We (1) determined the damping coefficient and natural frequency of the three catheters, (2) correlated the static pressures measured using the three catheters compared to the true pressure in the intrathecal space, and (3) compared the response time of the three catheters connected to transducers vsU-tube manometers.Results. The three catheters had high damping coefficients (α) (Arrow, 0.75; Abbott, 0.85; Portex, 1.10) and low natural frequencies (Arrow, 15.23 Hz; Abbott, 12.83 Hz; Portex, 9.09 Hz). The dynamic response characteristics of the catheter with the largest internal diameter (20-gauge Arrow) were adequate to reproduce pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid pressure reliably. Smaller catheters tracked the mean pressure, although oscillations were damped. Static pressure measurements from all three catheters showed good correlation with test pressures (r=0.99;p〈0.001). Using theU-tube manometer, it required 170, 140, and 130 minutes for the Portex, Abbott, and Arrow catheters, respectively, to equilibrate with a test pressure of 30 cm H2O. The rate of rise in theU-tube manometer pressure was limited by the rate of fluid flow through the catheters.Conclusions. We found that a catheter of at least 20 gauge connected to a transducer could record pressures in the cerebrospinal fluid compartment with a high degree of fidelity. The prolonged time to reach equilibrium madeU-tube manometry unsuitable for clinical use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-7373
    Keywords: brainstem gliomas ; hyperfractionated radiotherapy ; chemoradiotherapy ; peripheral stem cell harvesting ; radio sensitizers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This article will review the current treatment of pediatric patients with diffuse pontine gliomas (DPG) and discuss three potential avenues of therapeutic research including (i) radiotherapy (RT) in combination with radiation sensitizers, (ii) dose-intensive, induction chemotherapy with hematopoietic support followed in sequence with RT applied as a ‘consolidation’ therapy, and (iii) the interleafed application of phase-specific chemotherapeutic agents and hyperfractionated external beam radiotherapy (HFEBRT) referred to as ‘chemoradiotherapy’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 8 (1995), S. 347-351 
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: spinal cord ; vascular resistance ; postoperative paraplegia ; anatomy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We studied the anterior spinal artery (ASA) in 25 cadaveric human spinal cords to determine the cross-sectional area of the ASA cephalad and caudal to the entry of the arteria medullaris magna anterior (AMMA). Spinal cords were removed en bloc and latex was injected into the AMMA. The preparations were then fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, mounted, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The diameter and cross-sectional area of the ASA 1 cm above and 1 cm below the entry of the AMMA were measured. The mean radius of the ASA above the entry of AMMA was 0.14 ± 0.03 mm compared to 0.28 ± 0.05 mm below the entry of the AMMA (P 〈 0.001). According to Poiseuille's equation, the resistance to blood flow in the ASA cephalad to the AMMA would be 14.8 times greater than the resistance to blood flow caudal to the ANIMA. This resistance could affect the distribution of blood flow in the distal spinal cord whenever flow in the AMMA or distal ASA is altered. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: psoriasis ; hu1124 ; CD11a ; CD3-positive lymphocytes ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of hu1124, a human anti-CD11a antibody, were investigated in human subjects with psoriasis. CD11a is a subunit of LFA-1, a cell surface molecule involved in T cell mediated immune responses. Subjects received a single dose of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1, 2, 3, or 10 mg/kg of hu1124 intravenously over 1–3 hr. Blood samples were collected at selected times from 60 min to 72 days after administration. Plasma samples were assayed for hu1124 by ELISA, and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed on the drug plasma concentrations. As the dose of hu1124 was increased, the clearance decreased from 322 ml/day per kg at 0.1 mg/kg to 6.6 ml/day per kg at 10 mg/kg of hu1124. The plasma hu1124 concentration–time profile suggested that the clearance of hu1124 was saturable above 10 μg/ml. In addition, treatment with hu1124 caused a rapid reduction in the level of CD11a expression on CD3-positive lymphocytes (T cells) to about 25% of pretreatment levels. Regardless of the hu1124 dose administered, cell surface CD11a remained at this reduced level as long as hu1124 was detectable (〉0.025 μg/ml) in the plasma. When hu1124 levels fell below 3 μg/ml, the drug was rapidly cleared from the circulation and expression of CD11a returned to normal within 7–10 days thereafter. In vitro, half-maximal binding of hu1124 to lymphocytes was achieved at about 0.1 μg/ml and saturation required more than 10 μg/ml. One of the receptor-mediated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models which was developed describes the dynamic interaction of hu1124 binding to CD11a, resulting in the removal of hu1124 from the circulation and reduction of cell surface CD11a. The model accounts for the continually changing number of CD11a molecules available for removing hu1124 from the circulation based on prior exposure of cells expressing CD11a to hu1124. In addition, the model also accounts for saturation of CD11a molecules by hu1124 at drug concentrations of approximately 10 μg/ml, thereby reducing the clearance rate of hu1124 with increasing dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 204 (1982), S. 209-214 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Proliferation and differentiation of peritoneal exudate colonyforming cells (PE-CFC) were examined in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and NZB mice; NZB mice provided an experimental animal model for studies of autoimmunity. At 1 and 12 months of age, the number of PE-CFC from NZB mice was significantly less than the number of PE-CFC for other tested strains, whereas the number of clusters formed was reduced only in the older NZB mice. In contrast, 1- to 12-month-old BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice showed no significant age or strain-dependent alterations in PE-CFC. Although the latency period preceding colony growth remained constant for all strains and ages, significant variation in colony size was observed for NZB mice; the largest colonies were noted in the oldest group. We also observed age-associated variations in colony morphology; therefore, age-and strain-dependent differences may exist in the differentiation or functional attributes of PE-CFC subpopulations. The results specifically indicate that NZB mice have age-related alterations in PEC proliferative and differentiation capacities.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 219 (1987), S. 258-267 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The granular columnar epithelial cell of the equine dorsal large colon has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Particular attention was focused on nuclear bodies commonly observed as central clusters of spherical, electron-dense inclusions within the nucleus. Ultrastructural morphology as well as X-ray microanalysis spectra reveal great similarity between colonic nuclear bodies and the numerous small granules of the apical cytoplasm in these epithelial cells. X-ray spectra of these cells were distinct from those of goblet cell mucous granules and mast cell granules. No evidence was found indicating transit of nuclear body granules through the nuclear envelope, or for morphologic association with the nucleoli. Of the diverse types of nuclear bodies previously reported in other species, equine colon nuclear bodies morphologically most closely resemble those seen in rabbit adenohypophysis. Colon epithelial cell nuclear bodies are likely identical to equine small intestine nuclear bodies, but their origin and role remain unknown.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 5 (1992), S. 452-457 
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm ; spinal cord ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The anatomy of the anterior spinal artery in pigs was studied to determine whether or not the artery was continuous, as it is humans, or discontinuous. Six porcine carcasses were embalmed, and 24 hr later injected with pigmented latex through the thoracic aorta. The spinal column was removed, and the spinal cord was dissected with analysis of the anterior spinal artery. In all cases, the artery was continuous, and perfused by 18 ± 3 medullary arteries. The pig would thus be suitable as a model for the study of human diseases in which the anatomy of the anterior spinal artery is a factor. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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